Party, State and Society: The Core Issue of Party Politics

The issue of relationship among party, state and society is the core problem of party politics. A clear understanding and handling of that relationship is basic requirement of party politics’ general principle, also the key to promote the smooth running of party politics

Identifying Hard Noise in Long-Tailed Sample Distribution

Conventional de-noising methods rely on the assumption that all samples are independent and identically distributed, so the resultant classifier, though disturbed by noise, can still easily identify the noises as the outliers of training distribution. However, the assumption is unrealistic in large-scale data that is inevitably long-tailed. Such imbalanced training data makes a classifier less discriminative for the tail classes, whose previously "easy" noises are now turned into "hard" ones -- they are almost as outliers as the clean tail samples. We introduce this new challenge as Noisy Long-Tailed Classification (NLT). Not surprisingly, we find that most de-noising methods fail to identify the hard noises, resulting in significant performance drop on the three proposed NLT benchmarks: ImageNet-NLT, Animal10-NLT, and Food101-NLT. To this end, we design an iterative noisy learning framework called Hard-to-Easy (H2E). Our bootstrapping philosophy is to first learn a classifier as noise identifier invariant to the class and context distributional changes, reducing "hard" noises to "easy" ones, whose removal further improves the invariance. Experimental results show that our H2E outperforms state-of-the-art de-noising methods and their ablations on long-tailed settings while maintaining a stable performance on the conventional balanced settings. Datasets and codes are available at https://github.com/yxymessi/H2E-FrameworkComment: Accepted to ECCV2022(Oral) ; Datasets and codes are available at https://github.com/yxymessi/H2E-Framewor

Causal linkage between type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease: an integrated Mendelian randomization study and bioinformatics analysis

BackgroundObservational studies have indicated associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and both colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the underlying causality and biological mechanisms between these associations remains unclear.MethodsWe conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis employing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies involving European individuals. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was the primary method used to assess causality. Additionally, we applied MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode to evaluate the robustness of the results. Outliers were identified and eliminated using the MR-PRESSO, while the MR-Egger intercept was used to assess the horizontal pleiotropic effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q test, and sensitivity analysis was performed using leave-one-out method. The F statistic was calculated to evaluate weak instrumental variable bias. Finally, a pilot bioinformatics analysis was conducted to explore the underlying biological mechanisms between T2DM and IBD/UC.ResultsThe IVW results demonstrated that T2DM significantly reduced risks of IBD (OR=0.885, 95% CI: 0.818–0.958, P=0.002) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (OR=0.887, 95% CI: 0.812–0.968, P=0.007). Although the 95% CIs of MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode were broad, the majority of their estimates were consistent with the direction of IVW. Despite significant heterogeneity among SNPs, no horizontal pleiotropy was observed. The leave-one-out analysis showed that the causality remained consistent after each SNP was removed, underscoring the reliability of the results. Reverse MR analysis indicated that genetic susceptibility to both CRC and IBD had no significant effect on the relative risk of T2DM. Ten hub genes were identified, which mainly enriched in pathways including maturity onset diabetes of the young, thyroid cancer, gastric acid secretion, longevity regulating pathway, melanogenesis, and pancreatic secretion.ConclusionThe presence of T2DM does not increase the risk of CRC or IBD. Moreover, T2DM might reduce risk of IBD, including UC. Conversely, the occurrence of CRC or IBD does not influence the risk of T2DM. The association between T2DM and IBD/UC may be related to the changes in multiple metabolic pathways and CTLA-4-mediated immune response

An Optimized Path Planning Method for Container Ships in Bohai Bay Based on Improved Deep Q-Learning

In response to the limitations of the DQN algorithm in adaptability, which result in a low success rate in ship path planning, this paper introduces an improved algorithm based on Deep Q-learning (DQN) to enhance path planning. The proposed algorithm aims to plan a reasonable and cost-effective route to the destination based on all historical track, regardless of the current location of ship within the environment. Firstly, the k-means clustering algorithm is employed to cluster the historical ship locations. The value of k is progressively increased to include more locations, allowing the model to interact with the environment of increasing complexity. This approach enhances the generalization capability of the model by enabling it to autonomously devise a route from any starting point to the destination port. On the other hand, for the ship path problem, the DQN algorithm is enhanced through the optimization of the reward function. This improvement targets the challenges of convergence difficulty and low learning efficiency, which greatly improves the rate of convergence for the model. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by comparing it experimentally in terms of the effectiveness of path planning and model convergence trend. The results demonstrate that the improved DQN algorithm achieves a convergence speed improvement of over 25%. Additionally, with the same training time, the success rate of path planning from any position to destination within the environment is enhanced by 44%. It has better effect on the path planning of ships

Developing a Holocene tephrostratigraphy for northern Japan using the sedimentary record from Lake Kushu, Rebun Island

Palaeoclimate records in East Asia offer significant potential to further our understanding of monsoon dynamics and can serve as a link between North Atlantic and tropical climate systems. The sedimentary core from Lake Kushu, Rebun Island, provides the first high-resolution palaeoclimate record from northern Japan. In order for this regionally significant archive to be synchronised to other records, and to generate a more detailed Holocene tephra lattice for East Asia, we present the first cryptotephra stratigraphy for northern Japan using the Kushu RK12 core. The detailed RK12 tephrostratigraphy integrates local and far-travelled tephras originating from Japan, Russia, China/North Korea and most likely Indonesia. Five key cryptotephra layers have been identified, precisely dated and correlated to the specific eruptions or the source region (B-Tm tephra - Changbaishan volcano; SH#12 tephra - Shiveluch volcano; Ko-g tephra - Komagatake volcano; Ma-f similar to j tephra - Mashu volcano and RK12-0819 tephra with possible Indonesian origin). These tephra horizons are very widely dispersed, providing opportunities to synchronise distant palaeoclimate records from the polar region, through high northern latitudes to the tropics, which facilitate interregional comparison of palaeoclimate and environmental data. In addition, a number of the geochemically analysed horizons contain other minor numbers of compositionally distinct glass, which can also be grouped and correlated to their source volcanoes. These minor analyses are of interest since they provide new insight into regional tephra dispersal (e.g., ash dispersal potential of Aira and Towada), and could suggest that there are other potential eruptions that have yet to be identified in the geological record (e.g., potential Changbaishan eruptions). The integrated Lake Kushu cryptotephra record extends the ash dispersal of several key tephra horizons in the region. The presence of the Shiveluch SH#12 tephra in Lake Kushu (ca. 1900 km away), documents the first example of a Russian tephra reaching the Japanese Archipelago. Furthermore, glass compositions suggest that the core could preserve an eruption event derived from Indonesia, highlighting the future possibility to significantly extend and interlink the tephra lattice across the entirety of Asia. This is an essential step for the understanding of how climate changes propagate over large geographical areas. Indeed, several of these tephra markers coincide with significant ecological changes reflected in the pollen proxy record at Lake Kushu. Using this high-resolution palaeoenvironmental record, we however find no significant ecological impact following the large late Holocene "Millennium Eruption" from Changbaishan, China/North Korea. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved