The effective numbers of codons have a positive correlation with the G+C content of codons.

(A) Total G+C content of codons in Aelia fieberi. (B) G+C content of the third position of the codon in A. fieberi. (C) Total G+C content of codons in 52 species of Pentatomidae. (D) G+C content of the third position of the codon in 52 species of Pentatomidae. (TIF)</p

Annotation of the <i>Aelia fieberi</i> mitogenome.

Aelia fieberi Scott, 1874 is a pest of crops. The mitogenome of A. fieberi (OL631608) was decoded by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome, with 41.89% A, 31.70% T, 15.44% C and 10.97% G, is 15,471 bp in size. The phylogenetic tree showed that Asopinae and Phyllocephalinae were monophyletic; however, Pentatominae and Podopinae were not monophyletic, suggesting that the phylogenetic relationships of Pentatomoidae are complex and need revaluation and revision. Phytophagous bugs had a ~20-nucleotide longer in nad2 than predatory bugs. There were differences in amino acid sequence at six sites between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs. The codon usage analysis indicated that frequently used codons used either A or T at the third position of the codon. The analysis of amino acid usage showed that leucine, isoleucine, serine, methionine, and phenylalanine were the most abundant in 53 species of Pentatomoidae. Thirteen protein-coding genes were evolving under purifying selection, cox1, and atp8 had the strongest and weakest purifying selection stress, respectively. Phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs had different evolutionary rates for eight genes. The mitogenomic information of A. fieberi could fill the knowledge gap for this important crop pest. The differences between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs deepen our understanding of the effect of feeding habit on mitogenome.</div

Gene arrangement in <i>Priassus spiniger</i>.

Aelia fieberi Scott, 1874 is a pest of crops. The mitogenome of A. fieberi (OL631608) was decoded by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome, with 41.89% A, 31.70% T, 15.44% C and 10.97% G, is 15,471 bp in size. The phylogenetic tree showed that Asopinae and Phyllocephalinae were monophyletic; however, Pentatominae and Podopinae were not monophyletic, suggesting that the phylogenetic relationships of Pentatomoidae are complex and need revaluation and revision. Phytophagous bugs had a ~20-nucleotide longer in nad2 than predatory bugs. There were differences in amino acid sequence at six sites between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs. The codon usage analysis indicated that frequently used codons used either A or T at the third position of the codon. The analysis of amino acid usage showed that leucine, isoleucine, serine, methionine, and phenylalanine were the most abundant in 53 species of Pentatomoidae. Thirteen protein-coding genes were evolving under purifying selection, cox1, and atp8 had the strongest and weakest purifying selection stress, respectively. Phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs had different evolutionary rates for eight genes. The mitogenomic information of A. fieberi could fill the knowledge gap for this important crop pest. The differences between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs deepen our understanding of the effect of feeding habit on mitogenome.</div

Mitogenome map of <i>Aelia fieberi</i>.

Protein-coding genes (PCGs, CDS) and ribosomal genes (rRNAs) are presented with standard abbreviations. Genes coding for transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are presented with one letter abbreviation. S1 = AGN, S2 = UCN, L1 = CUN, L2 = UUR. Wathet blue, orange, pink and grey represent PCGs, tRNAs, rRNAs and D-loop (noncoding control region), respectively. The colors black, green, and purple represent the GC content, positive GC skew (GC skew+) and negative GC skew (GC skew-), respectively. The orientation of the gene is indicated by arrows.</p

Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 53 species of Pentatomidae.

Eurygaster testudinaria (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) was selected as representative of the outgroup. The posterior probabilities were labeled at each node. GenBank accession numbers of sequences were listed after the species name.</p

Comparison of the start and stop codons between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs.

(A) Use of initiation codons in phytophagous bugs. (B) Use of initiation codons in predatory bugs. (C) Stop codon usage in phytophagous bugs. (D) Stop codon usage in predatory bugs. (TIF)</p

Use of coding and amino acids.

(A) Heatmap indicates codon usage in 53 species of Pentatomidae. (B) Heatmap indicates amino acid usage in 53 species of Pentatomidae.</p

Nucleotide composition of <i>Aelia fieberi</i> (%).

Aelia fieberi Scott, 1874 is a pest of crops. The mitogenome of A. fieberi (OL631608) was decoded by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome, with 41.89% A, 31.70% T, 15.44% C and 10.97% G, is 15,471 bp in size. The phylogenetic tree showed that Asopinae and Phyllocephalinae were monophyletic; however, Pentatominae and Podopinae were not monophyletic, suggesting that the phylogenetic relationships of Pentatomoidae are complex and need revaluation and revision. Phytophagous bugs had a ~20-nucleotide longer in nad2 than predatory bugs. There were differences in amino acid sequence at six sites between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs. The codon usage analysis indicated that frequently used codons used either A or T at the third position of the codon. The analysis of amino acid usage showed that leucine, isoleucine, serine, methionine, and phenylalanine were the most abundant in 53 species of Pentatomoidae. Thirteen protein-coding genes were evolving under purifying selection, cox1, and atp8 had the strongest and weakest purifying selection stress, respectively. Phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs had different evolutionary rates for eight genes. The mitogenomic information of A. fieberi could fill the knowledge gap for this important crop pest. The differences between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs deepen our understanding of the effect of feeding habit on mitogenome.</div

Codon usage in the mitogenome of <i>Aelia fieberi</i>.

Aelia fieberi Scott, 1874 is a pest of crops. The mitogenome of A. fieberi (OL631608) was decoded by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome, with 41.89% A, 31.70% T, 15.44% C and 10.97% G, is 15,471 bp in size. The phylogenetic tree showed that Asopinae and Phyllocephalinae were monophyletic; however, Pentatominae and Podopinae were not monophyletic, suggesting that the phylogenetic relationships of Pentatomoidae are complex and need revaluation and revision. Phytophagous bugs had a ~20-nucleotide longer in nad2 than predatory bugs. There were differences in amino acid sequence at six sites between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs. The codon usage analysis indicated that frequently used codons used either A or T at the third position of the codon. The analysis of amino acid usage showed that leucine, isoleucine, serine, methionine, and phenylalanine were the most abundant in 53 species of Pentatomoidae. Thirteen protein-coding genes were evolving under purifying selection, cox1, and atp8 had the strongest and weakest purifying selection stress, respectively. Phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs had different evolutionary rates for eight genes. The mitogenomic information of A. fieberi could fill the knowledge gap for this important crop pest. The differences between phytophagous bugs and predatory bugs deepen our understanding of the effect of feeding habit on mitogenome.</div

Predicted secondary structure of 22 tRNA of <i>A</i>. <i>fieberi</i>.

Predicted secondary structure of 22 tRNA of A. fieberi.</p