The wood mechanical properties changes of norway spruce dying and dead tree

The article contains results of the studies of influence of tree death prescription on the mechanical properties of dead wood in the centers of Norway spruce shrinkage. It was found that the strength and exploitative qualities of spruce wood are reduced in the direct proportion to the increase of tree death prescription. At the same time mechanical properties of wood are reducedslightly with the age of dead tree up to 5 years

The wood mechanical properties changes of norway spruce dying and dead tree

The article contains results of the studies of influence of tree death prescription on the mechanical properties of dead wood in the centers of Norway spruce shrinkage. It was found that the strength and exploitative qualities of spruce wood are reduced in the direct proportion to the increase of tree death prescription. At the same time mechanical properties of wood are reducedslightly with the age of dead tree up to 5 years

The European Russia Drought Atlas (1400–2016 CE)

© 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. We present the European Russia Drought Atlas (ERDA) that covers the East European Plain to the Ural Mountains from 1400–2016 CE. Like the Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) for the Euro-Mediterranean region, the ERDA is a one-half degree gridded reconstruction of summer Palmer Drought Severity Indices estimated from a network of annual tree-ring chronologies. Ensemble point-by-point regression is used to generate the ERDA with the identical protocols used for developing the OWDA. Split calibration/validation tests of the ERDA indicate that it has significant skill over most of its domain and is much more skillful than the OWDA where they overlap in the western part of ERDA domain. Comparisons to historical droughts over European Russia additionally support the ERDA’s overall validity. The ERDA has been spatially smoothed and infilled using a local regression method to yield a spatially complete drought atlas back to 1400 CE. EOF analysis indicates that there are three principal modes of hydroclimatic variability in the ERDA. After Varimax rotation, these modes correlate significantly with independent climate data sets extending back to the late nineteenth century in a physically interpretable way and relate to atmospheric circulation dynamics of droughts and heatwaves over European Russia based on more recent instrumental data