3 research outputs found
Microwave-Assisted Direct Thioesterification of Carboxylic Acids
A one-pot synthesis of thioesters
directly from carboxylic acids, <i>N,N</i>′-diphenylthiourea,
triethylamine, and primary
alkyl halides is described. Microwave-assisted heating and a catalytic
amount of 4-(dimethylamino)Âpyridine (DMAP) further improved the yields.
Both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids were converted to the
corresponding thioesters, and many functional groups were compatible
with this reaction. Several possible reaction intermediates were investigated,
and the quaternary ammonium salts, derived from alkyl halides and
tertiary amines, were the intermediates to yield thioesters. A new
reaction mechanism for this thioesterification is proposed
Insight into the Amino-Type Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Cycle Using N‑Tosyl Derivatives of 2‑(2′-Aminophenyl)benzothiazole
Studies have been carried out to gain insight in to an
overall
excited-state proton transfer cycle for a series of N-tosyl derivatives
of 2-(2′-aminophenyl)Âbenzothiazole. The results indicate that
followed by ultrafast (<150 fs) excited-state intramolecular proton
transfer (ESIPT), the titled compounds undergo rotational isomerization
along the C<sub>1</sub>–C<sub>1</sub>′ bond. For the
model compound 2-(2′-tosylaminophenyl)Âbenzothiazole (PBT-NHTs)
the subsequent cis-trans isomerization process in both triplet and
ground states are probed by nanosecond transient absorption (TA) and
two-step laser-induced fluorescence (TSLIF) spectroscopy. Both TA
and TSLIF results indicate the existence of a long-lived trans-tautomer
species in the ground state with a lifetime of few microseconds. The
experimental results correlate well with the theoretical approach,
which suggests that PBT-NHTs proton transfer tautomer generated in
the excited state undergoes intramolecular C<sub>1</sub>–C<sub>1</sub>′ rotation to ∼100° between benzothiazole
and phenyl moieties in which the energetics for the S<sub>1</sub> and
T<sub>1</sub> states are nearly identical. As a result, the intersystem
crossing between S<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>1</sub> states serves as
a fast deactivation pathway for the excited-state cis-tautomer to
channel into both cis- and trans-tautomer in their respective T<sub>1</sub> states, followed by the dominant T<sub>1</sub>-S<sub>0</sub> radiationless deactivation to populate the trans-tautomer in the
ground state. The trans-tautomer species in the S<sub>0</sub> state
proceeds with intermolecular double proton transfer to regenerate
the cis-normal form. An overall proton-transfer cycle describing the
amino-type ESIPT and the subsequent isomerization processes is thus
depicted in detail
Harnessing Excited-State Intramolecular Proton-Transfer Reaction via a Series of Amino-Type Hydrogen-Bonding Molecules
A series of new amino (NH)-type hydrogen-bonding
(H-bonding) compounds
comprising 2-(2′-aminophenyl)Âbenzothiazole and its extensive
derivatives were designed and synthesized. Unlike in the hydroxyl
(OH)-type H-bonding systems, one of the amino hydrogens can be replaced
with electron-donating/withdrawing groups. This, together with a versatile
capability for modifying the parent moiety, makes feasible the comprehensive
spectroscopy and dynamics studies of amino-type excited-state intramolecular
proton transfer (ESIPT), which was previously inaccessible in the
hydroxyl-type ESIPT systems. Empirical correlations were observed
among the hydrogen-bonding strength (the N–H bond distances
and proton acidity), ESIPT kinetics, and thermodynamics, demonstrating
a trend that the stronger N–H···N hydrogen bond
leads to a faster ESIPT, as experimentally observed, and a more exergonic
reaction thermodynamics. Accordingly, ESIPT reaction can be harnessed
for the first time from a highly endergonic type (i.e., prohibition)
toward equilibrium with a measurable ESIPT rate and then to the highly
exergonic, ultrafast ESIPT reaction within the same series of amino-type
intramolecular H-bond system