Knowledge conversion processes and leadership: an exploratory study of Taiwanese managers

This research explored the extent to which different knowledge conversion processes require different kinds of leadership. The research was inspired by Nonaka and Konno (1998) and proposed that knowledge conversion processes may each require their own form of leadership because they are conducted under different bas or contexts. Vera and Crossan's (2004) work provided a foundation for this research through the argument that knowledge conversion processes need not only transformational but also transactional leadership. The leadership framework based upon transformational and transactional leadership was therefore adopted for the study. Semi-structured interviews and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), developed by Bernard Bass and Bruce Avolio to assess leadership under the transformational and transactional leadership framework, were used to gauge the opinions of participants about leadership and knowledge conversion processes. Scenarios/descriptions derived from Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) were used to focus the mindset of the participants involved in the interviews and the questionnaire, which was administered at the time of the interviews to support triangulation. Findings suggested that knowledge conversion processes do not differ to the extent that they require both transformational and transactional leadership. However, qualitative evidence indicated that knowledge conversion processes were somewhat different in terms of certain dimensions of transformational leadership. These differences related to the need for a strong sense of purpose, a compelling vision of the future and long-termism in some but not all situations involving the leadership of knowledge conversion processes

MOESM1 of Berberine regulates the protein expression of multiple tumorigenesis-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines

Additional file 1: Figure S1. DMSO dose dependently regulates p21 protein expression in HepG2 cells. Lines 1 & 2: water; lines 3 & 4: DMSO 0.25 Îźl/ml and lines 5 & 6: DMSO 0.5 Îźl/ml

Areca nut is associated with younger age of diagnosis, poor chemoradiotherapy response, and shorter overall survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma - Fig 3

<p>(A) The percentage of p53 immunohistochemical staining in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients with areca nut chewing history was significantly higher than that in patients without areca nut chewing history. (B) Representative example of low p53 immunohistochemical staining in squamous cell carcinoma in a patient without areca nut chewing history. Original magnification X 200. (C) Representative example of high p53 immunohistochemical staining in squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with areca nut chewing history. Original magnification X 200. (D) The percentage of p53 immunohistochemical staining in esophageal dysplasia in patients with areca nut chewing history was significantly higher than that in patients without areca nut chewing history. (E) Representative example of low p53 immunohistochemical staining in dysplasia in a patient without areca nut chewing history. Original magnification X 200. (F) Representative example of high p53 immunohistochemical staining in dysplasia in a patient with areca nut chewing history. Original magnification X 400. SCC, squamous cell carcinoma.</p

Associations between areca nut chewing and clinicopathologic parameters in 286 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving surgery or preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.

<p>Associations between areca nut chewing and clinicopathologic parameters in 286 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving surgery or preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.</p

Comparison of the incidence of esophageal papilloma and invasive SCC in mouse model.

<p>Comparison of the incidence of esophageal papilloma and invasive SCC in mouse model.</p

Associations between pathologic complete response and clinicopathological parameters in 157 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.

<p>Associations between pathologic complete response and clinicopathological parameters in 157 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.</p

Kaplan–Meier survival curves according to areca nut chewing.

<p>(A) Overall patients. (B) Patients receiving surgery. (C) Patients receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.</p

Results of univariate log-rank analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival in 286 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving surgery or preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.

<p>Results of univariate log-rank analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival in 286 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving surgery or preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.</p

Representative images before and after esophageal metallic stent placement.

<p>A. Computed tomography of the chest obtained before stent placement showed a tracheoesophageal fistula (arrow). B. Computed tomography of the chest obtained after stent placement showed a metallic stent in the esophagus covering the tracheoesophageal fistula. C. Before stent placement, endoscopic picture showed a protruding mass with a hole in the esophagus, suggesting esophageal cancer with a tracheoesophageal fistula (arrowhead). D. Endoscopic picture of an esophageal metallic stent in place one month after insertion.</p

Nutrition status and other laboratory data in stenting and feeding gastrostomy/jejunostomy groups.

<p>A. Serum albumin decrease was determined by the formula: [serum albumin level within 1 week before fistula diagnosis – serum albumin level at 3–4 weeks after fistula diagnosis]. There was no significant difference (P = 0.21) between the two groups in mean decrease in serum albumin. B. Body weight loss was determined by the formula: [body weight within 1 week before fistula diagnosis – body weight at 3–4 weeks after fistula diagnosis]. There was no significant difference (P = 0.66) between the two groups in mean body weight loss. C–H. There were no significant differences between stenting and feeding gastrostomy/jejunostomy groups in white blood cell(C), hemoglobin(D), platelet(E), AST(F), ALT(G), and total bilirubin(H) within the week before fistula diagnosis (Week 0) or at 3–4 weeks after fistula diagnosis (Week 3–4).</p