Self-reported intake of banned substances in the Doped group.

<p>Self-reported intake of banned substances in the Doped group.</p

The OPLS-DA model scores scatter plot of combined performance and morphological separates Doped from Clean athletes.

<p>Morphological and performance variables (N = 8) are used in an OPLS-DA model to separate Doped (N = 9) from Clean (N = 6) subjects. Regression = 0.93, and prediction by cross-validation = 0.92, p<0.0001, Fisher's exact probability test. All nine Doped subjects and six of seven Clean are correctly classified, leaving one Clean un-classified. Variables of importance are displayed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105330#pone-0105330-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>.</p

Multiple labeled muscle cross-sections with DAPI (Blue) for nuclei, mAb 4C7 (green) for capillary and mAb 5H2 (red) for fiber membrane.

<p>Sections from one Doped athlete using higher (A; >2500 mg·week⁻¹) and one using lower doses AAS (B;<500 mg·week⁻¹), and from one Clean athlete (C). Doped athletes with higher doses AAS showed larger fiber areas (A) than Doped athletes with lower AAS doses (B) and Clean athletes (C). More capillaries and nuclei around each type I fiber were observed in the Doped athletes (A and B) compared to Clean (C). Internal nuclei are marked with arrows in A.</p

Blood hormone levels [median (min-max)].

<p>Wilcoxon signed rank test [median (min-max)]. * From the Karolinska University Laboratory (<a href="http://www.karolinska.se/Karolinska-Universitetslaboratoriet/" target="_blank">www.karolinska.se/Karolinska-Universitetslaboratoriet/</a>)</p><p>Blood hormone levels [median (min-max)].</p

Anthropometry, muscle strength and morphology in Clean and Doped athletes [mean ± SD or median (min-max)].

#<p>Wilcoxon signed rank test [median (min-max)].</p><p>Anthropometry, muscle strength and morphology in Clean and Doped athletes [mean ± SD or median (min-max)].</p

Regression models for the effects of AAS intake on muscle performance.

<p>Correlations between AAS weekly intake and muscle performance: A) personal record (kg; R² = −0.16, p = 0.86) and B) maximal squat force (N; R² = 0.34, p = 0.06), and models for the effects of AAS intake on relative muscle performance: C) maximal squat force per lean leg mass (N·g⁻¹; R² = 0.02, p = 0.32) and D) maximal squat force per fiber area (N·μm⁻¹; R² = −0.14, p = 0.98). The residual of subject G is outlier (p = 0.003, Shapiro-Wilk W test) and when removed, the regression is significant between force per fiber area and AAS intake (N·μm⁻¹; R² = 0.57, p = 0.02).</p

The coefficient plot of variables of importance in the OPLS-DA model.

<p>From the OPLS-DA model in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105330#pone-0105330-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>, the significant important muscle morphological and performance variables separating Doped from Clean subjects are displayed with 95% confidence interval using jack-knifing test. Bars indicate scaled ratios between the Doped and the Clean groups, with higher ratios of the Doped group to the left, and lower ratios to the right.</p