5 research outputs found
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A role of the Atlantic Ocean in predicting summer surface air temperature over North East Asia?
We assess the ability of the DePreSys3 prediction
system to predict the summer (JJAS) surface-air temperature over North East Asia. DePreSys3 is based on a
high resolution ocean–atmosphere coupled climate prediction system (~ 60 km in the atmosphere and ~ 25 km in the ocean), which is full-field initialized from 1960 to 2014 (26 start-dates). We find skill in predicting surface-air temperature, relative to a long-term trend, for 1 and 2–5 year leadtimes over North East Asia, the North Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Europe. DePreSys3 also reproduces the interdecadal evolution of surface-air temperature over the North Atlantic subpolar gyre and North East Asia for both lead times, along with the strong warming that occurred in the mid-1990s over
both areas. Composite analysis reveals that the skill at capturing interdecadal changes in North East Asia is associated with the propagation of an atmospheric Rossby wave, which follows the subtropical jet and modulates surface-air temperature from Europe to Eastern Asia. We hypothesise that this ‘circumglobal teleconnection’ pattern is excited over the Atlantic Ocean and is related to Atlantic multi-decadal variability and the associated changes in precipitation over the Sahel and the subtropical Atlantic Ocean. This mechanism is robust for the 2–5 year lead-time. For the 1 year lead-time the Pacific Ocean also plays an important role in leading to skill in predicting SAT over Northeast Asia. Increased temperatures and precipitation over the western Pacific Ocean was found to be associated with a Pacific-Japan like-pattern, which can affect East Asia’s climate
Facing others in pain : why context matters
Judging pain in another is challenging, largely because pain is a subjective phenomenon to which observers have no direct access. Despite this ambiguity, inferences often are made that can drive important clinical decisions, such as estimating another’s pain intensity, with significant implications for patient treatment and outcomes. This chapter focuses upon the influence of the context upon observer cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses toward others in pain. In doing so, we consider context in its broadest form: characteristics of the patient/person in pain, the observer, and the situation, as well as elements of the reported pain experience, itself. Despite the increased understanding of and appreciation for the role of context in observer judgments, knowledge of how context, judgment, and treatment outcomes interact remains sketchy and in need of translational research. Such research is needed if we are to build our current base of knowledge and translate that knowledge into improved approaches to the assessment and treatment of patients in pain