Farklı performans düzeyleri için tasarlanan çerçeveli ve perdeli-çerçeveli betonarme yapıların ekonomik açıdan karşılaştırması

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Performansa Dayalı Tasarım, Betonarme Yapı Stoğu, Depremsellik, Risk-Maliyet İlişkisiBu çalışmada, betonarme yapılar esas alınacaktır. Amaç, bir yapının çerçeveli veya perdeli-çerçeveli olarak, önceden belirlenen deprem performans düzeyleri için tasarlandığında ekonomik kayıpların göz ardı edilip edilemeyeceğinin belirlenmesidir.Bu amaçla; ilk aşamada, 3, 5 ve 8 katlı çerçeveli ve perdeli çerçeveli 12 yapı, CG (Can Güvenliği) performans düzeyi ile, 50 yılda %10 ve 50 yılda %2 deprem tehlikeleri için tasarlanacaktır. Daha sonra bu yapıların maliyet analizleri yapılacaktır.Sonuç olarak, farklı performans düzeyleri ve farklı deprem tehlikeleri altında tasarlanan yapıların, çerçeveli mi yoksa perdeli-çerçeveli olarak mı daha ekonomik olduğu açığa çıkacaktır. Bu sonucun tüm ülke yapı stokuna maliyeti tartışılacaktır.Keywords: Performance Based Design, Reinforced Concrete Building Stock, Seismicity, Risk-Cost RelationshipsIn this study, reinforced concrete structures will be considered. The aim is to determine whether the economic losses will be disregarded or not when a framed or a shear wall framed structure is designed for predetermined level of seismic performance.To that end, in the first phase, 3, 5 and 8-storey framed and shear wall ? framed 12 structures and their LS (Life Safety) performance levels will be designed for earthquake hazards of 10% and 2% within 50 years. Thereafter, cost analysis of these structures will be determined.As a result, whether framed or shear wall ? framed structures, designed under different performance levels and different earthquake hazards, are economical will come to light. The likely cost of this result for the building stock of the whole country will be discussed

Cost Benefit Analysis Of The Structures Designed For Alternative Seismic Hazard Levels

In this study, multiple performance objectives under the various earthquake hazard levels are investigated. In case of well defined earthquake hazard, as an alternative of classical earthquake resistant design principles, it is possible to design structures at different performances depending on structure's initial cost and economic life. In this study, costs of the structure with different performance levels are discussed.Current study is carried out on the reinforced concrete structures that are designed and analyzed for various seismic hazard levels. The aim is to determine, if the risk is released, whether the economic losses can be acceptable or not. In the study, cost of reinforced concrete ductile frames and dual systems that are designed for various seismic performances, are also compared for the economical aspects.To that end, in the first step 3, 5 and 8 storey frames and dual systems of several structures at Life Safety and Immediate Occupancy performance levels was designed for the earthquake hazards of 2% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The study reveals that if both direct and indirect effects of earthquake such as retrofitting costs, cost of temporary moving, temporary accommodation costs, cost of demolition and reconstructing the building, cost of damage to household goods and business disruption, social disturbance, are be taken into consideration, initial design performance level can be accepted as Immediate Occupancy performance level rather than Life Safety performance which is proposed current earthquake codes. The cost due to injuries and cost due to loss of lives are not included

Effects of soil pulverisation level and freeze and thaw cycles on fly-ash- and lime-stabilised high plasticity clay: implications on pavement design and performance

This study investigates the effects of soil pulverisation level and freeze and thaw cycles on mechanical properties of a stabilised high plasticity clay. Class F fly ash and hydrated lime were used as additives. Tested compositions were 3% lime, 20% Class F fly ash, 20% Class F fly and 3% lime and 40% Class F fly ash and 3% lime, respectively. Two different soil pulverisation levels which meet the criteria in relevant specifications were used. Unconfined compression strength tests were conducted on 61 samples. The results revealed that both fly ash and hydrated lime increased the mechanical properties. Lime addition increased the effectiveness of Class F fly ash stabilisation significantly. Soil pulverisation level was found to be as important as the amount of the additive used. The most important effect of soil pulverisation level and freeze and thaw cycles was on initial modulus value, which is a key parameter in pavement performance. Coarse soil pulverisation resulted in much lower modulus values than fine pulverisation. High compression strength was not always accompanied with high modulus for coarse soil pulverisation and therefore designing pavements based solely on strength without giving enough consideration to modulus has been shown to be a misleading approach. KENPAVE analysis revealed that shorter design lives were associated with coarse soil pulverisation. The results of this study show that the amount of achieved improvements and economic benefits due to stabilisation of clayey soils for pavements are strongly dependent on the degree of soil pulverisation achieved in the field. Therefore, better soil pulverisation in the field is crucial in increasing pavement performance and therefore decreasing total life cycle costs

Regional Clinical and Biochemical Differences among Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Background: Environmental habitat may play a role in clinical disparities of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) patients. Aims: To compare preoperative clinical symptoms and associated conditions and surgical findings in patients with pHPT, living in different geographical regions from the Black Sea, Mediterranean and Anatolia regions. Study Design: Retrospective, clinical-based multi-centric study of 694 patients with pHPT. Methods: Patients from 23 centers and 8 different geographical regions were included. Data related to baseline demographics, clinical, pathologic and treatment characteristics of 8 regions were collected and included age, gender, residential data, symptoms, history of fracture, existence of brown tumor, serum total Ca and p levels, serum parathormone (PTH) levels, serum 25-OH vitamin D levels, bone mineral density, size of the resected abnormal parathyroid gland(s), histology, as well as the presence of ectopia, presence of dual adenoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)- or familial-related disease. Results: The median age was 54. Asymptomatic patient rate was 25%. The median PTH level was 232 pg/mL and serum total Ca was 11.4 mg/dL. Eighty-seven percent of patients had an adenoma and 90% of these had a single adenoma. Hyperplasia was detected in 79 patients and cancer in 9 patients. The median adenoma size was 16 mm. Significant parameters differing between regions were preoperative symptoms, serum Ca and p levels, and adenoma size. All patients from South-East Anatolia were symptomatic, while the lowest p values were reported from East Anatolia and the largest adenoma size, as well as highest Ca levels, were from Bulgaria. Conclusion: Habitat conditions vary between geographical regions. This affects the clinicopathological features of patients with pHP