Petasin Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Modulates Glucose Metabolism

Petasin (<b>1</b>), a natural product found in plants of the genus <i>Petasites</i>, has beneficial medicinal effects, such as antimigraine and antiallergy activities. However, whether or not <b>1</b> modulates metabolic diseases is unknown. In this study, the effects of <b>1</b> on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is considered a pharmacological target for treating metabolic diseases, are described. It was found that an extract of <i>Petasites japonicus</i> produces an increase in the phosphorylation of AMPK in vitro, and the main active compound <b>1</b> was isolated. When this compound was administered orally to mice, activation of AMPK in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue was observed. Moreover, pretreatment with <b>1</b> enhanced glucose tolerance following the administration of a glucose solution to normal mice. The mechanism by which <b>1</b> activates AMPK was subsequently investigated, and an increased intracellular AMP/ATP ratio in the cultured cells treated with <b>1</b> occurred. In addition, treatment with petasin inhibited mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Taken together, the present results indicated that <b>1</b> modulates glucose metabolism and activates AMPK through the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. The preclinical data suggested that petasin (<b>1</b>) could be useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases in humans

Additional file 3: Table S3. of Low plasma tryptophan is associated with olfactory function in healthy elderly community dwellers in Japan

Concentrations of the rate of elderly subjects with low essential amino acid levels and plasma essential amino acid levels in the study population. (DOCX 14 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Low plasma tryptophan is associated with olfactory function in healthy elderly community dwellers in Japan

Concentrations of the rate of elderly subjects with low essential amino acid levels and plasma essential amino acid levels in the study. (DOCX 16 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Low plasma tryptophan is associated with olfactory function in healthy elderly community dwellers in Japan

The concentrations of plasma amino acid and related metabolites of the normal Trp group and the low Trp group. (DOCX 20 kb