藻場の魚類成育場機能の評価 : ガラモ場におけるシロメバル稚魚生産と成長-生残メカニズム

広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(農学)Doctor of Agriculturedoctora

Universal Scaling Bounds on a Quantum Heat Current

We derive new bounds on a heat current flowing into a quantum $L$-particle system coupled with a Markovian environment. By assuming that a system Hamiltonian and a system-environment interaction Hamiltonian are extensive in $L$, we show that the absolute value of the heat current scales at most as $\Theta (L^3)$ in a limit of large $L$. Also, we present an example that saturates this bound in terms of scaling: non-interacting particles globally coupled with a thermal bath. However, the construction of such system requires many-body interactions induced by the environment, which may be difficult to realize with the current technology. To consider more feasible cases, we focus on a class of system where any non-diagonal elements of the noise operator (derived from the system-environment interaction Hamiltonian) become zero in the system energy basis, if the energy difference is beyond a certain value $\Delta E$. Then, for $\Delta E = \Theta (L^0)$, we derive another scaling bound $\Theta (L^2)$ on the absolute value of the heat current, and the so-called superradiance belongs to a class to saturate this bound. Our results are useful to evaluate the best achievable performance of quantum-enhanced thermodynamic devices, which contain far-reaching applications for such as quantum heat engines, quantum refrigerators and quantum batteries.Comment: 6+18 pages, 2+2 figure

持続可能な福祉のための二つのシナリオ――環境社会契約のフレームワーク

遅くとも年までに二酸化炭素排出量をネットゼロ（正味ゼロ）にすることを公約する国が増え ているのは心強いが，そのために必要となる経済・社会・生活の転換に正面から取り組んでいる国は まだない。本稿では，気候変動のみに焦点を当て，ネットゼロへの公正な移行のための二つのシナリ オを検討し，現代の「福祉国家」に対するその影響について論じる。第一は，「社会的保証」と組み 合わされた「グリーンニューディール」の枠組である。この戦略は，必需品やサービスの公的供給を 拡大することが不可欠だと主張する。第二のシナリオはさらに進んで，所得・資産・消費に上限を設 けた必要充足経済を構築することで，暴走する私的消費に対抗しようとするものである。そのために は，国家能力と福祉国家介入をさらに拡大することが必要である。本稿は，これら二つの非常に異な るアプローチを比較し発展させるための枠組を提供するものである

東アジアにおける福祉国家形成の比較社会学

学位の種別: 論文博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学教授 武川 正吾, 東京大学教授 佐藤 健二, 東京大学教授 白波瀬 佐和子, 東京大学教授 有田 伸, 東京大学名誉教授 稲上 毅University of Tokyo(東京大学

Varieties of Labor Market and Social Security in East Asia : Tackling the Problem of Informal Employment

東アジア諸国の労働市場は多様であり，社会保障の拡充を図るにあたっても労働市場の特徴をふまえて制度設計する必要がある．その際，かなめになるのはインフォーマル雇用の問題である．本稿では，インフォーマル雇用の壁を越えて社会保障の拡充を図っていくために，まずインフォーマル雇用の概念を使いやすくする必要があると主張する．政府と市場の相互作用からインフォーマル雇用が生じるさまを図式化したうえで，社会保障拡充の処方箋を考える．　Ⅰ節では，近年の失業増加の状況を一瞥したうえで，自営業者や，賃金労働と自営業の間を行き来する出稼労働者，失業保険の適用を受けない労働者など，さまざまな形で存在するインフォーマル雇用の問題にも焦点を当てる必要があることを述べる．　Ⅱ節では，インフォーマル雇用に関する先行研究やILO における議論を検討する．そこから，政府の規制能力と労働市場の特徴の鬩ぎ合いないし相互作用が各種のインフォーマル雇用を作り出す，という見通しが得られることを説明する．　Ⅲ節では，Ⅱ節の検討をふまえて新方式を提案し，インフォーマル雇用の測定を試みる．そのうえで，インフォーマル雇用のタイプごとにフォーマル化の戦略を考え，各国政府の政策能力の向上を後押ししていくべきだと主張する．Wide variations exist in the characteristics of the labor markets in East Asian countries. In order to upgrade and expand existing social security systems, it is necessary to base the institutional design of such systems on an in - depth understanding of the characteristics of the labor market of each country - in which the issue of informal employment is pivotal. In this study, I argue that in order to expand social security coverage for informal workers, it is necessary first to clarify and operationalize the concept of informal employment. This paper first provides a schema that explains how various forms of informal employment emerge from the interaction between state regulations and labor markets. Next, I examine strategies aimed at expanding social security coverage. In the first section, after presenting an overview of unemployment in East Asia, I maintain the necessity of focusing on various types of informal employment, such as the self-employed, migrant workers who shuttle between wage employment and self-employment, and workers who are not covered by unemployment insurance. In the second section, the literature on informal employment and related discussions within the International Labour Organization (ILO) are reviewed. Then I explain the perspective that informal employment develops out of the interaction between the regulatory capacity of the government and the characteristics of the labor market. In the last section, based on a review of the preceding sections, I propose a novel schema to capture the phenomenon, and attempt to measure the scale of informal employment. Finally, I argue for the need for governments to enhance their capacity to formalize each type of informal employment.特集　東アジアの福祉システム : 所得保障と雇用保

Bilateral Cataract in a Cynomolgus Monkey

Severe bilateral cataract was found in a 7 year-old naïve female cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) 3 months before necropsy. During macroscopic examination, severe opacity and thinning of the lens were observed in both eyes. Histopathology revealed that the lens nuclei and majority of cortex lens fibers had disappeared and become excavated, while the lens fibers in the subcapsular area were swollen and distorted. Other observations included atrophy and vacuolation in the lens epithelial cells and proliferation of spindle cells and collagen fiber beneath the anterior capsule of the right eye. Immunohistochemical staining of these spindle cells revealed the presence of vimentin, cytokeratin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), which were considered to be derived from lens epithelial cells. This is a rare case of spontaneous, bilateral, hypermature cataract in a cynomolgus monkey

Thirteen-week Intravenous Toxicity Study of a Novel Humanized Anti-Human Death Receptor 5 Monoclonal Antibody, CS-1008, in Cynomolgus Monkeys

CS-1008, a humanized monoclonal antibody that is agonistic to human death receptor 5, was intravenously administered to cynomolgus monkeys twice a week for 13 weeks at 3 different dose levels (5, 15 and 42 mg/kg) in order to evaluate its potential toxicity. A control group received phosphate buffered saline containing 0.01% polysorbate 80. Each of the 4 groups consisted of 3 male and 3 female cynomolgus monkeys. No animal in any group died during the dosing period. No toxic changes in clinical signs, food consumption, body weight, electrocardiography, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, gross pathology, organ weights or histopathology were noted in any group during the dosing period. In the toxicokinetic analysis, the values for the maximum concentration of CS-1008 in plasma and the area under the curve generally increased with increasing dose. No clear differences in the toxicokinetic parameters or profiles were observed between the sexes. Development of anti-CS-1008 antibodies was not detected in any sample. The no-observed adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of CS-1008 in cynomolgus monkeys under the conditions of this study was concluded to be 42 mg/kg in both sexes, when administered intravenously twice a week for 13 weeks. This study supports the development of CS-1008 as a therapeutic biopharmaceutical

A quantitative comparison of fish assemblage between amacroalgae bed and an adjoining sandy beach in the central Seto Inland Sea

植生の有無が魚類群集に与える影響を明らかにすることを目的として，瀬戸内海中央部の無人島（小久野島）の東岸において隣接するガラモ場と砂浜の魚類相調査を実施した。ガラモ場と砂浜に10m四方（面積100m2）の調査区画を各4ヶ所設定し，季節に1回の頻度で（2006年8月，11月，2007年2月，5月）小型巻網（目合い4mm）を用いて区画内の魚類をすべて採集した。一年間の調査により，ガラモ場で20種以上1,397個体，砂浜で17種以上902個体の魚類が採集された。個体数にもとづく優占種（上位3種）は，ガラモ場ではシロメバル，ヒメハゼ，ハオコゼ，砂浜ではヒメハゼ，ボラ，スジハゼ，湿重量にもとづく優占種は，ガラモ場ではシロメバル，ハオコゼ，キュウセン，砂浜ではヒメハゼ，シロギス，ボラであった。100m2あたりの出現種数，個体密度，バイオマスはいずれもガラモ場において大きな季節変動を示した。8月にはガラモ場における種数が砂浜よりも有意に多かった。ガラモ場においては，ホンダワラ類の繁茂期である2－5月にシロメバル仔稚魚の来遊にともなう個体密度とバイオマスの急増が認められた。Biological and physical surveys were conducted at amacloalgae bed (MB) and a sandy beach (SB) off an inhabited island in the central Seto Inland Sea, Japan, from August 2006 tomay 2007 in order to detect the effect of vegetation on fish assemblage. Fish were collected using a seine net (2m in height, 3mm in mesh aperture) at four separate locations within MB and SB during a tidal level between 70-130 cm in daytime on 4 Aug. and 16 Nov. 2006 and 19 Feb. and 2 May 2007. A total of 1,397 and 902 fish were collected at MB and SB, respectively. The numerically dominant species were Sebastes cheni, Favonigobius gymnauchen and Hypodytes rubripinnis in MB and Favonigobius gymnauchen, mugil cephalus cephalus and Acentrogobius pflaumii in SB. Weight-based dominant species were Sebastes cheni, Hypodytes rubripinnis and Halichoeres poecilopterus in MB and Favonigobius gymnauchen, Sillago japonica and Mugil cephalus cephalus. Seasonal fluctuation in number of fish species, fish abundance and biomass in MB were larger than those in SB. The number of fish species in August in MB was significantly higher than that in SB. Fish abundance and biomass in MB abruptly increased fromFebruary to May due to immigration of S. cheni larvae and juveniles

Estimation of catch efficiency of a small seine for larval and juvenile Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus, in the Ohta estuary

河口域における魚類群集の主要構成者であるスズキ仔稚魚に対する小型曳き網（幅2.3m，高さ1m）の採集効率を，地曳き網（幅16m，高さ1m）による採集結果と比較することにより推定した。2008年3月21日と4月7日に太田川放水路感潮域において合計15回の曳網を行い，合計1,502個体（標準体長14.5－24.0mm）のスズキ仔稚魚を採集した。地曳き網の網目からの逸出が生じる体長16mm未満と，個体密度が著しく低下する23mm以上については解析対象とせず，地曳き網による採集効率を100％と仮定した。体長1mmごとに区分した分布密度を採集具間で比較した結果，小型曳き網による体長16mm以上18mm未満のスズキ仔稚魚採集効率は約100％と推定された。体長18mm以上23mm未満では採集効率（C, ％）が体長（L, mm）に比例して直線的に減少した（C=－17.2*L+388.8，n=11，r2=0.77，p=0.0004）。In order to estimate catch efficiency of a small seine (1.0 by 2.3 m, 2 mm mesh aperture) for larval and juvenile Japanese sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus, results from experimental hauls of the small seine were compared with those from a large seines (1.0 by 16 m, 2.5 mm mesh aperture) in the Ohta Diversion Channel on March 21 and April 7, 2008. A total of 1,502 Japanese sea bass, ranging between 14.5 and 24.0 mm in standard length were collected. Data of fish <15.9 mm was excluded from the analysis since extrusion of these fish through the mesh of the large seine was possible. Comparison of the Japanese sea bass abundance at lengths between the small and large seines revealed that the catch efficiency of the small seine for Japanese sea bass <18.0 mm was approximately 100%. The catch efficiency decreased with the increase in fish body length between 18.0 and 22.9 mm. A linear model was fitted to the relationship between the catch efficiency (C, %) and body length (L, mm): C=－17.2*L+388.8 (n=11, r2=0.77, p=0.0004). Catch efficiency was not estimated for Japanese sea bass ＞ 23 mm since their abundance was quite low in the surveyed area probably due to migration to downriver or sea areas, which are considered as habitats for the following life stages

Surgical Treatment of a Giant Liposarcoma in a Japanese Man

We report a case of a rapidly progressing giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma weighing 22 kg in a 41-year-old Japanese man, successfully treated with surgical excision. To our knowledge, this is the largest liposarcoma in the Japanese population reported in the literature