A small scale study on the effects of oral administration of the β-glucan produced by Aureobasidium pullulans on milk quality and cytokine expressions of Holstein cows, and on bacterial flora in the intestines of Japanese black calves

Background: The β–(1→3),(1→6)-D-glucan extracellularly produced by Aureobasidium pullulans exhibits immunomodulatory activity, and is used for health supplements. To examine the effects of oral administration of the β–(1→3),(1→6)-D-glucan to domestic animals, a small scale study was conducted using Holstein cows and newborn Japanese Black calves. Findings: Holstein cows of which somatic cell count was less than 3 x 105/ml were orally administered with or without the β-(1→3),(1→6)-D-glucan-enriched A. pullulans cultured fluid (AP-CF) for 3 months, and the properties of milk and serum cytokine expression were monitored. Somatic cell counts were not significantly changed by oral administration of AP-CF, whereas the concentration of solid non fat in the milk tended to increase in the AP-CF administered cows. The results of cytokine expression analysis in the serum using ELISA indicate that the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in all cows which were orally administered with AP-CF became slightly lower than that of control cows after the two-month treatment. On the other hand, IL-8 expression tended to indicate a moderately higher level in all treated cows after the three-month administration of AP-CF in comparison with that of the control cows. Peripartum Japanese Black beef cows and their newborn calves were orally administered with AP-CF, and bacterial flora in the intestines of the calves were analyzed by T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism). The results suggest that bacterial flora are tendentiously changed by oral administration of AP-CF. Conclusions: Our data indicated the possibility that oral administration of the β–(1→3),(1→6)-D- glucan produced by A. pullulans affects cytokine expressions in the serum of Holstein cows, and influences bacterial flora in the intestines of Japanese Black calves. The findings may be helpful for further study on the efficacies of oral administration of β-(1→3),(1→6)-D-glucans on domestic animals

A small scale study on the effects of oral administration of the β-glucan produced by <it>Aureobasidium pullulans</it> on milk quality and cytokine expressions of Holstein cows, and on bacterial flora in the intestines of Japanese black calves

Abstract Background The β–(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D-glucan extracellularly produced by Aureobasidium pullulans exhibits immunomodulatory activity, and is used for health supplements. To examine the effects of oral administration of the β–(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D-glucan to domestic animals, a small scale study was conducted using Holstein cows and newborn Japanese Black calves. Findings Holstein cows of which somatic cell count was less than 3 x 105/ml were orally administered with or without the β-(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D-glucan-enriched A. pullulans cultured fluid (AP-CF) for 3 months, and the properties of milk and serum cytokine expression were monitored. Somatic cell counts were not significantly changed by oral administration of AP-CF, whereas the concentration of solid non fat in the milk tended to increase in the AP-CF administered cows. The results of cytokine expression analysis in the serum using ELISA indicate that the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in all cows which were orally administered with AP-CF became slightly lower than that of control cows after the two-month treatment. On the other hand, IL-8 expression tended to indicate a moderately higher level in all treated cows after the three-month administration of AP-CF in comparison with that of the control cows. Peripartum Japanese Black beef cows and their newborn calves were orally administered with AP-CF, and bacterial flora in the intestines of the calves were analyzed by T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism). The results suggest that bacterial flora are tendentiously changed by oral administration of AP-CF. Conclusions Our data indicated the possibility that oral administration of the β–(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D- glucan produced by A. pullulans affects cytokine expressions in the serum of Holstein cows, and influences bacterial flora in the intestines of Japanese Black calves. The findings may be helpful for further study on the efficacies of oral administration of β-(1 → 3),(1 → 6)-D-glucans on domestic animals.</p

サルコイドーシスの診断における超音波気管支内視鏡ガイド下経気管支針生検（EBUS-TBNA）の有用性

　縦隔・肺門リンパ節病変に対する超音波気管支内視鏡ガイド下経気管支針生検（endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration： 以下EBUS-TBNA） は，縦隔鏡や外科的な肺生検に比べ低侵襲である．肺癌のリンパ節転移の診断に対するEBUS-TBNAの有用性は確立されており，良性疾患に対する有用性や内視鏡所見についての報告は少ない．サルコイドーシスに対するEBUS-TBNA の有用性と問題点を検討した．川崎医科大学呼吸器内科に2004年５月１日から2016年11月30日に，サルコイドーシスの疑いで入院した67例（男34，女33）を対象とした．EBUS-TBNA でサルコイドーシスと診断した症例と，それ以外で診断した症例を後方視的に解析した．サルコイドーシスと診断したのは39/67例（58％），そのうちTBLB ＋ EBUS-TBNA で診断；13/21例（62％），EBUS-TBNA のみで診断；2/2例，TBLB（transbronchial lung biopsy）のみで診断；22/41例（53％），縦隔鏡で診断；１例，皮膚生検で診断; １例であった．受診の契機は健康診断の胸部エックス線検査で両側肺門リンパ節腫脹（bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy：以下BHL）等の胸部異常陰影の指摘によるものが約半数（31/67例）を占めていた．穿刺リンパ節は#4R と#7が多く，穿刺距離は 27.9±4.5 mm，そのうち19例は 20 mm 以上であった．EBUS-TBNA が施行できなかった15例のうち８例は病期Ⅲ，２例は病期Ⅱ，３例は病期０，１例は血流のため，１例はリンパ節が同定不可であった．また，EBUS-TBNA に関連した重篤な有害事象はなかった．縦隔・肺門リンパ節が腫大したサルコイドーシスでは，穿刺困難な事由がなければ，EBUS-TBNA による診断は有用である．　Evaluation of lymphadenopathy of the mediastinum and hilum using endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is comparatively less invasive than mediastinoscopy and surgical biopsy. Its usefulness for lymph node metastasis of lung cancer has been established; however, there are only a few reports regarding its usefulness for benign diseases. We aimed to investigate the clinical usefulness and potential problems of EBUS-TBNA for sarcoidosis. We retrospectively analyzed 67 patients with suspected sarcoidosis in our hospital between May 2004 and November 2016 and evaluated their diagnoses with EBUS-TBNA and other diagnostic methods (transbronchial lung biopsy(TBLB) or mediastinoscope). In all, 10 of 20 patients diagnosed sarcoidosis using EBUSTBNA exhibited bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL) on their chest X-rays. Targeted lymph nodes were #4 and/or #7. On average, the puncture distance was 27.9 ± 4.5 mm, with 19 cases having a puncture distance of >20 mm. We could not examine 15 cases, 8 of which were stage III, 2 were stage Ⅱ , 1 case failed to identify the lymph node, 1 case for blood flow and 3 were stage 0. No adverse events were associated with EBUS-TBNA. Thus, EBUS-TBNA is a useful and safe procedure for diagnosing sarcoidosis with lymphadenopathy of the mediastinum and hilum

健康な若年男性にみられた結節・気管支拡張型肺M.kansasii 症の１例

　症例は32歳，男性．既往歴は特になく，喫煙歴もなかった．自覚症状はなかったが，定期的にとられた胸部Ｘ線写真で異常影を指摘され，当科受診となった．検査所見では，クオンティフェロン®（QFT®）が判定保留であった．CT 上，左下葉に気管支拡張を伴った小葉中心性粒状影を認めた．確定診断を得るため，気管支鏡検査を実施したところ，生検組織で多核巨細胞を含む類上皮細胞性肉芽腫がえられ，気管支肺胞洗浄液（Bronchial Alveolar Lavage fluid; BALF）から抗酸菌塗抹陽性，培養陽性，DNA–DNA hybridization（DDH）法にてMycobacterium kansasii（M.kansasii ）が同定された．肺M.kansasii 症と診断後，イソニアジド（Isoniazid：INH），リファンピシン（Rifampicin：RFP），エタンブトール（Ethambutol：EB）による治療を開始し，１年間継続したところ，陰影の改善が得られた．従来，肺M.kansasii 症は喫煙男性において上葉に薄壁空洞を呈しやすいといわれてきたが，今回私共は健常な若年男性の左下葉に結節・気管支拡張型の肺Mycobacterium avium complex（MAC）症に類似した画像所見を呈した症例を経験した．非結核性抗酸菌症の治療は，菌種により治療法は異なるため，気管支鏡検査を含めた積極的な診断法を行うことにより，原因菌を同定することが重要と考えられた．　A-32-year-old male was referred to our hospital due to the presence of an abnormal shadow on chest radiograph. The patient did not have clinical symptoms, underlying disease, or smoking history. Laboratory findings were unremarkable, except for the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test®. Chest computed tomography revealed the presence of centrilobular nodule with bronchiectasis in the left lower lobe. We performed a bronchoscopic examination to reach a definitive diagnosis. Subsequently, the epithelioid granuloma, (including Langhans giant cells) was obtained through biopsy. In addition, DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) showed that the fast-acid bacilli of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was smear-positive and culture-positive for Mycobacterium kansasii (M. kansasii ). After the diagnosis of pulmonary M. kansasii disease, we administered Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Ethambutol over the course of 1 year. Eventually, the abnormal shadow was improved. Although pulmonary M. kansasii disease is associated with the development of thin-wall cavity lesions in the upper lobe of males with smoking history, we observed a rare case showing similar radiological findings to those of the nodular-bronchiectatic type of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease. The treatment was different by the kinds of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Therefore, it was important to identify the causative microorganism by performing positive diagnostic methods, including bronchoscopy

サルコイドーシスの診断における超音波気管支内視鏡ガイド下経気管支針生検（EBUS-TBNA）の有用性

原著論文Regular Articlejournal articl

健康な若年男性にみられた結節・気管支拡張型肺M.kansasii 症の１例

症例報告Case Reportjournal articl