The spectrum of thyroid lesions on fine needle aspiration cytology

Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of thyroid gland is the most common preoperative investigation for diagnosis of thyroid lesions. Though various tests like thyroid profile, ultrasonography and radionuclide scan are available, they are used as adjuvant diagnostic modalities. FNAC is simple, easy to perform, non-invasive and cost-effective procedure. Primary aim is to study the spectrum of various thyroid lesions on FNAC. Also, the study is aimed to categorise the thyroid lesions according to the Bethesda system for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (2017).Methods: This is a retrospective observational study carried out in the pathology department at tertiary care academic institute for a period of three years. FNAC was done in a patient with thyroid swelling by non-aspiration technique. Slides were prepared, fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol and processed with routine stains.Results: Out of 210 cases, 150 cases (71.42%) were benign lesions, 15 cases (7.14%) were Follicular neoplasm/Suspicious for follicular neoplasm, 14(6.66%) cases were reported as Atypia of undetermined significance, 13 cases (6.19%) were Unsatisfactory/Nondiagnostic, 11 cases (5.2%) were malignant and 7 cases (3.3%) were suspicious for malignancy.Conclusions: FNAC is the most effective tool for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. The Bethesda system is used to categorise the thyroid lesions and helps in better communication between clinicians and pathologists for the best surgical and medical management. The number of benign cases were higher and the number of cases in the category of suspicious for malignancy were lower with female preponderance

EVALUATION OF GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (GR) ACTIVITY IN LIVER OF FISH, CHANNA PUNCTATUS (BLOCH, 1793) EXPOSED TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM

Antioxidant defence system is known to be a sensitive biomarker of metal exposure widely employed in predicting toxicity after sub-lethal exposure of Cr6+in fish. The present study conducted to assess the impact of Cr6+on Glutathione reductase (GR) activity in liver of fish, Channa punctatus. Fish were exposed to two different sub-lethal concentrations of Cr6+viz.,3.93 mg/L (5% of 96h LC50) (T1) and 7.85 mg/L (10% of 96h LC50) (T2) along with one control group without any toxicant exposure, for 15, 30 and 45 d. Results showa significant (p <0.05) increase in GR activity with an increase in dose and exposure period. This study emphasized the role of GR in monitoring of metal toxicity in aquatic regimes as an early warning tool

A survey on Data Extraction and Data Duplication Detection

Text mining, also known as Intelligent Text Analysis is an important research area. It is very difficult to focus on the most appropriate information due to the high dimensionality of data. Feature Extraction is one of the important techniques in data reduction to discover the most important features. Processing massive amount of data stored in a unstructured form is a challenging task. Several pre-processing methods and algorithms are needed to extract useful features from huge amount of data. Dealing with collection of text documents, it is also very important to filter out duplicate data. Once duplicates are deleted, it is recommended to replace the removed duplicates. This Paper review the literature on duplicate detection and data fusion (remov e and replace duplicates).The survey provides existing text mining techniques to extract relevant features, detect duplicates and to replace the duplicate data to get fine grained knowledge to the user

In vivo assessment of dichlorvos induced histological and biochemical impairments coupled with expression of p53 responsive apoptotic genes in the liver and kidney of fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

Sub-lethal exposure of dichlorvos induces oxidative stress, consequent genetic instability and apoptosis coupled with impairments in biochemical, histopathological and transcription of genes in Channa punctatus. Exposure of 5% (0.041 mg/L; E2) and 10% (0.082 mg/L; E3) of 96 h-LC50 of dichlorvos significantly (p < 0.05) elevated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activities of SOD and CAT, as compared to control (E1) after 30 d. The maximum reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH) was recorded in the liver (18.53 ± 0.81 μg/mg of protein) and kidney (19.32 ± 0.97 μg/mg of protein); while the total protein contents were also found reduced, 278.38 ± 8.40 μg/mL (liver) and 248.44 ± 7.28 μg/mL (kidney), after 30 days in E3, in comparison to respective controls. Further, significant (p < 0.05) induction in micronuclei (MN) and apoptotic cells (AC), in a dose- and exposure-based manner were also recorded. Moreover, a significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of p53 (2.51-fold in liver), bax (2.03-fold in liver; 1.99-fold in kidney) and casp3a (2.26-fold in liver; 2.10-fold in kidney) together with an elevated expression of cat (1.73-fold in liver; 1.12-fold in kidney), p53 (1.27-fold in kidney) and apaf-1 (1.72-fold in liver) in fish exposed to higher dose of dichlorvos for 30 d evidently reflects geno-toxicological potential of referenced pesticide. Disturbed biochemical and molecular parameters evince that the fish experienced oxidative stress as is further supported by prominent pathological observations in liver and kidney. Findings are, thus, helpful in organ-specific molecular scanning against aquatic toxicants like dichlorvos. [Display omitted] •Chronically, dichlorvos exposure significantly (p < 0.05) elicits ROS, SOD and CAT activities in fish.•GSH and total protein contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in liver and kidney.•Micronuclei (MN) and apoptotic cells (AC) frequencies increased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish erythrocytes.•Differential transcriptional regulations of cat, p53, bax, apaf-1 and casp3a genes exhibit genomic instability and apoptosis.•The prominent histopathological alterations were observed in liver and kidney

An in vivo analysis of Cr6+ induced biochemical, genotoxicological and transcriptional profiling of genes related to oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in liver of fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

•Bioaccumulation of Cr6+ induces oxidative stress in liver of C. punctatus exposed to 5 and 10% of 96 h-LC50 of CrO3.•Oxidative stress was assessed to determine SOD and CAT activities in liver of fish exposed chronically.•A significant (p < 0.05) induction of MN in fish erythrocytes suggests that Cr6+ is genotoxic.•Differential expression of target genes related to oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in fish.•Molecular markers can be efficiently utilized for biomonitoring and conservation studies. Present study was designed to assess the hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) mediated oxidative stress that induces DNA damage and apoptosis in adult fish, Channa punctatus (35 ± 3.0 g; 14.5 ± 1.0 cm; Actinopterygii). Fishes were maintained in three groups for 15, 30 and 45 d of exposure periods. They were treated with 5% (Group T1) and 10% (Group T2) of 96 h-LC50 of chromium trioxide (Cr6+). Controls were run for the similar duration. A significant (p < 0.05) increment in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT in liver tissues of the exposed fish evinces the persistence of oxidative stress. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in induction of micronuclei (MN) coupled with transcriptional responses of target genes related to antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage and apoptosis (sod, cat, gsr, nox-1, p53, bax, bcl-2, apaf-1 and casp3a) establishes the impact of oxidative stress due to in vivo, Cr6+ accumulation in liver as compared to control (0 mg/L), in a dose and exposure-dependent manner. Initially, the increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in liver coincided with that of enhanced mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, sod, cat, gsr and nox-1 but, later, the overproduction of ROS, after 45 d of exposure of Cr6+, resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of p53. Our findings also unveil that the up-regulation of bax, apaf-1 and casp3a and down-regulation of bcl-2 are associated with Cr6+-induced oxidative stress mediated-apoptosis in liver of test fish. Aforesaid molecular markers can, thus, be efficiently utilized for bio-monitoring of aquatic regimes and conservation of fish biodiversity

Zn2+ induced molecular responses associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage and histopathological lesions in liver and kidney of the fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

Zn2+ is essential for normal physiological functioning of all organisms in small quantities, but when its concentration enhances in surrounding environment it acts as a toxicant to organisms. Common sources of Zn2+ pollution are electroplating, alloying, mining, and allied industrial operations. The present study aims to assess the biochemical, histopathological and genotoxicological implications under Zn2+ intoxication along with its accumulation patterns in prime biotransformation sites-liver and kidney, of a bottom feeder fish, Channa punctatus. Fish were chronically exposed to two different concentrations of Zn2+i.e., 5mg/L (permissible limit, T1) and 10mg/L (twice the permissible limit, T2). Simultaneous control was maintained. A significant (p<0.05) increment in Zn2+ bioaccumulation, antioxidant enzymes activities of SOD, CAT and GR and induction in micronuclei frequencies along with the significant (p<0.05) decrement in total protein and GSH were observed in all the exposed groups after 28 d. Altered biochemical parameters coupled with enhanced induction in micronuclei and accumulation of Zn2+ in liver and kidney of fish can be regarded as sensitive biomarkers of Zn2+ induced toxicological manifestations and thus, they may be effectively utilized for reliable ecotoxicological biomonitoring of aquatic regimes polluted with Zn2+. •Bioaccumulation of Zn2+ induces oxidative stress in liver, kidney and blood cells of fish, Channa punctatus.•Significant (p < 0.05) reduction in total protein and GSH in liver and kidney.•SOD, CAT and GR activities increased significantly (p < 0.05) in liver and kidney.•MN induction in erythrocytes and histoanatomical anomalies in liver and kidney demonstrates genotoxicity and tissues damage.•Correlation among aforesaid parameters, used as markers for bio-monitoring of Zn2+ polluted water bodies

Grain size and lattice parameter's influence on band gap of SnS thin nano-crystalline films

Tin sulphide nano-crystalline thin films were fabricated on glass and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrates by thermal evaporation method. The crystal structure orientation of the films was found to be dependent on the substrate. Residual stress existed in the films due to these orientations. This stress led to variation in lattice parameter. The nano-crystalline grain size was also found to vary with film thickness. A plot of band-gap with grain size or with lattice parameter showed the existence of a family of curves. This implied that band-gap of SnS films in the preview of the present study depends on two parameters, lattice parameter and grain size. The band-gap relation with grain size is well known in the nano regime. Experimental data fitted well with this relation for the given lattice constants. The manuscript uses theoretical structure calculations for different lattice constants and shows that the experimental data follows the trend. Thus, confirming that the band gap has a two variable dependency.Fil: Gupta, Yashika. Universitry of Delhi; IndiaFil: Arun, P.. Universitry of Delhi; IndiaFil: Naudi, Andrés Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Walz, M. V.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Albanesi, Eduardo Aldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Física del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Física del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentin

Phorate induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and differential expression of p53, apaf-1 and cat genes in fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)

The present study was conducted to assess the in-vivo activities of certain molecular biomarkers under the impact of phorate exposure. Fish, Channa punctatus (35 ± 3.0 g; 14.5 ± 1.0 cm; Actinopterygii) were subjected to semi-static conditions having 5% (0.0375 mg/L for T1 group) and 10% of 96 h-LC50 (0.075 mg/L for T2 group) of phorate exposure for 15 and 30 d. The oxidative stress was assessed in terms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. DNA damage was measured as induction of micronuclei (MN) and consequent differential expression of apoptotic genes-tumor suppressor (p53), apoptotic peptidase activating factor-1 (apaf-1) and catalase (cat) in liver and kidney, two major sites of biotransformation in fish, were quantified. Our findings reveal significant (p < 0.001) augmentations in SOD and CAT activities of liver and kidney tissues. MN frequency in erythrocytes of fish also increases significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The mRNA level of p53 increased significantly (p < 0.05) in liver at 10% of 96 h-LC50 of phorate exposure after 30 d suggesting generation of stress due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Eventually, these findings decipher the dual role of ROS in generating genotoxicity as is evident by micronuclei induction and differential regulation of p53, apaf-1 and cat genes during the phorate induced DNA damage and apoptosis in test fish. The experimental inferences drawn on the basis of activities of aforesaid biomarkers shall be helpful in elucidating the possible causes of apoptosis under stressful conditions. Further, this study finds ample application in biomonitoring of phorate polluted aquatic ecosystem. •Sub-lethal chronic exposure of phorate induces oxidative stress in fish.•SOD and CAT activities in liver and kidney tissues increased significantly (p < 0.001).•MN frequency in fish erythrocytes increases significantly (p < 0.05) in a dose and time-dependent manner.•Differential expression of cat, p53 and apaf-1 genes evinces DNA damage and apoptosis.•cat, p53 and apaf-1 genes can be used as sensitive biomarkers for monitoring of freshwater pollution