PCR primers for the four genes.

<p>PCR primers for the four genes.</p

Annotation summary of the seven <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> strains investigated in this study.

<p>Annotation summary of the seven <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> strains investigated in this study.</p

45 genes specific in <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> C02011.

<p>45 genes specific in <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> C02011.</p

Currently adopted molecular typing technologies of biomarker genes in the infectious bacterial strains.

<p>Currently adopted molecular typing technologies of biomarker genes in the infectious bacterial strains.</p

Comparative Screening of Digestion Tract Toxic Genes in <i>Proteus mirabilis</i>

<div><p><i>Proteus mirabilis</i> is a common urinary tract pathogen, and may induce various inflammation symptoms. Its notorious ability to resist multiple antibiotics and to form urinary tract stones makes its treatment a long and painful process, which is further challenged by the frequent horizontal gene transferring events in <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> genomes. Three strains of <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> C02011/C04010/C04013 were isolated from a local outbreak of a food poisoning event in Shenzhen, China. Our hypothesis is that new genes may have been acquired horizontally to exert the digestion tract infection and toxicity. The functional characterization of these three genomes shows that each of them independently acquired dozens of virulent genes horizontally from the other microbial genomes. The representative strain C02011 induces the symptoms of both vomit and diarrhea, and has recently acquired a complete type IV secretion system and digestion tract toxic genes from the other bacteria.</p></div

The dendrogram tree of six <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> strains.

<p>Strains C05028 and C02011 are digestion tract infectious. Strains HI4320 and ATCC29906 are urinary tract infectious. Strains B02005 and C02034 are non-infectious strains.</p

The phylogenetic tree of the seven <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> strains based on the 16S rRNA genes.

<p>The Cladogram tree is rooted at <i>Proteus penneri</i> ATCC 35198, and generated by the Phylogeny.fr. The three <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> strains inducing DTT function are highlighted in the bold font.</p

Venn plot of the strain specific genes in the three <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> DTT strains.

<p>The numbers in the brackets are the numbers of DTT specific genes compared against the other <i>P</i>. <i>mirabilis</i> strains.</p

Table_1_Epidemiological and genomic analyses of human isolates of Streptococcus suis between 2005 and 2021 in Shenzhen, China.xlsx

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes swine streptococcosis, which threatens human health and brings economic loss to the swine industry. Three-quarters of human S. suis infections are caused by serotype 2. A retrospective analysis of human S. suis cases in Shenzhen, a megacity in China, with high pork consumption, between 2005 and 2021 was conducted to understand its genomic epidemiology, pathogen virulence, and drug resistance characteristics. The epidemiological investigation showed that human cases of S. suis in Shenzhen were mainly associated with people who had been in close contact with raw pork or other swine products. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that 33 human isolates in Shenzhen were dominated by serotype 2 (75.76%), followed by serotype 14 (24.24%), and the most prevalent sequence types (STs) were ST7 (48.48%) and ST1 (39.40%). ST242 (9.09%) and ST25 (3.03%), which were rarely reported, were also found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Shenzhen human isolates had close genetic relatedness to isolates from Guangxi (China), Sichuan (China), and Vietnam. We found a new 82 KB pathogenicity island (PAI) in the serotype 2 isolate that may play a role in sepsis. Similarly, a serotype 14 isolate, containing 78 KB PAI, was isolated from a patient presenting with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSLS) who subsequently died. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was high in human isolates of S. suis from Shenzhen. Most human isolates were resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin, and 13 isolates had intermediate resistance to penicillin. In conclusion, swine importation from Guangxi, Sichuan, and Vietnam should be more closely monitored, and the use of antibiotics limited to reduce the potential for antimicrobial resistance (AMR).</p

Additional file 1 of Pathogenetic detection, retrospective and pathogenicity analysis of a fatal case of Vibrio vulnificus in Shenzhen, China

Supplementary Material