Supplemental methionine selenium effects on egg yolk physicochemical, functional, and protein structure during storage

To clarify the effect of the addition of methionine selenium on the physicochemical, functional, and protein structural properties of egg yolk during storage. We analyzed the changes in the main indicators of egg yolks stored at 4°C and 25°C for 28 days. The results showed that the increase in water content and pH, and the decrease in absolute zeta potential and apparent viscosity of the selenium-rich egg yolks (Se-group) during storage were smaller than those of the control group egg yolks (C-group). In addition, the antioxidant capacity and emulsifying ability of the Se-group during storage were better than those of the C-group. Simultaneously, the hardness and chewiness of the Se-group gel during storage were lower than those of the C-group. The protein structure results showed that selenium rich treatment did not affect the secondary structure of egg yolk protein during storage but could improve the fluorescence intensity of the egg yolk protein. Therefore, the addition of methionine selenium can reduce the degree of deterioration in the physicochemical properties of egg yolk during storage and extend its shelf life

Population response of intestinal microbiota to acute Vibrio alginolyticus infection in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

IntroductionVibriosis causes enormous economic losses of marine fish. The present study investigated the intestinal microbial response to acute infection of half-smooth tongue sole with different-dose Vibrio alginolyticus within 72 h by metagenomic sequencing.MethodsThe inoculation amount of V. alginolyticus for the control, low-dose, moderate-dose, and high-dose groups were 0, 8.5 × 101, 8.5 × 104, and 8.5 × 107 cells/g respectively, the infected fish were farmed in an automatic seawater circulation system under a relatively stable temperature, dissolved oxygen and photoperiod, and 3 ~ 6 intestinal samples per group with high-quality DNA assay were used for metagenomics analysis.ResultsThe acute infections with V. alginolyticus at high, medium, and low doses caused the change of different-type leukocytes at 24 h, whereas the joint action of monocytes and neutrophils to cope with the pathogen infection only occurred in the high-dose group at 72 h. The metagenomic results suggest that a high-dose V. alginolyticus infection can significantly alter the intestinal microbiota, decrease the microbial α-diversity, and increase the bacteria from Vibrio and Shewanella, including various potential pathogens at 24 h. High-abundance species of potential pathogens such as V. harveyii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, and V. scophthalmi exhibited significant positive correlations with V. alginolyticus. The function analysis revealed that the high-dose inflection group could increase the genes closely related to pathogen infection, involved in cell motility, cell wall/ membrane/envelope biogenesis, material transport and metabolism, and the pathways of quorum sensing, biofilm formation, flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, virulence factors and antibiotic resistances mainly from Vibrios within 72 h.DiscussionIt indicates that the half-smooth tongue sole is highly likely to be a secondary infection with intestinal potential pathogens, especially species from Vibrio and that the disease could become even more complicated because of the accumulation and transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes in intestinal bacteria during the process of V. alginolyticus intensified infection

Monitoring the Vegetation Dynamics in the Dongting Lake Wetland from 2000 to 2019 Using the BEAST Algorithm Based on Dense Landsat Time Series

The dynamic monitoring and analysis of wetland vegetation play important roles in revealing the change, restoration and reconstruction of the ecosystem environment. The increasing availability of high spatial-temporal resolution remote sensing data provides an unprecedented opportunity for wetland dynamic monitoring and change detection. Using the reconstructed dense monthly Landsat time series, this study focuses on the continuous monitoring of vegetation dynamics in Dongting Lake wetland, south China, in the last two decades (2000–2019) by using the Bayesian estimator of abrupt change, seasonal change, and trend (BEAST) method. Firstly, the flexible spatiotemporal data fusion (FSDAF) model is applied to blend Landsat and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images on the basis of the input image pair selection strategy named “cross-fusion” to generate the monthly time-series normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with the spatial resolution of 30 m. Then, the abrupt changes, trend, and seasonality of the vegetation in the study area as well as the uncertainties of change detection are estimated by the BEAST method. Results show that there is a close relationship between the ground true data and the estimated changepoints. A high overall accuracy (OA) of 87.37% and Kappa coefficient of 0.85 were achieved by the proposed framework. Additionally, the temporal validation got the interval intersection of 86.57% and the absolute difference of mean interval length of 6.8 days. All of the results demonstrate that the vegetation changes in the Dongting Lake wetland varied spatially and temporally in the last two decades, because of extreme weathers and anthropogenic factors. The presented approach can accurately identify the vegetation changes and time of disturbance in both the spatial and temporal domains, and also can retrieve the evolution process of wetland vegetation under the influence of climate changes and human activities. Therefore, it can be used to reveal potential causes of the degradation and recovery of wetland vegetation in subtropical areas

Water filling of rapidly salted separated egg yolks: Characterization of water migration, aggregation behavior and protein structure

Water filling occurs during the rapid salting of separated egg yolks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in water migration, protein aggregation and structures of the separated egg yolks salted with 20% salt solution over 24 hours to understand the principles of this phenomenon. The results showed that water filling occurred within 12 h. The hardness of the salted egg yolk increased significantly within approximately 0−6 h and then decreased significantly. The springiness and cohesiveness of the egg yolk did not change significantly during salting. With the appearance of water filling, the T23, A23, soluble protein content, free sulfhydryl content, β-turns, α-helices and maximum fluorescence intensity (FImax) increased; the T22, A22, disulfide bonds, β-sheets, irregular curls, maximum emission wavelength (λmax) and average particle sizes decreased. This work showed that water filling enhanced the hydrogen bonding between proteins and water and inhibited protein aggregation

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Surface Water Using Landsat Images and Spectral Mixture Analysis on Google Earth Engine

Ensuring water resource security and enhancing resilience to extreme hydrological events demand a comprehensive understanding of water dynamics across various scales. However, monitoring water bodies with highly seasonal hydrological variability, particularly using medium-resolution satellite imagery such as Landsat 4-9, presents substantial challenges. This study introduces the Normalized Difference Water Fraction Index (NDWFI) based on spectral mixture analysis (SMA) to improve the detection of subtle and dynamically changing water bodies. First, the effectiveness of NDWFI is rigorously assessed across four challenging sites. The findings reveal that NDWFI achieves an average overall accuracy (OA) of 98.2% in water extraction across a range of water-covered scenarios, surpassing conventional water indices. Subsequently, using approximately 11,000 Landsat satellite images and NDWFI within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, this study generates a high-resolution surface water (SW) map for Jiangsu Province, China, exhibiting an impressive OA of 95.91% ± 0.23%. We also investigate the stability of the NDWFI threshold for water extraction and its superior performance in comparison to existing thematic water maps. This research offers a promising avenue to address crucial challenges in remote sensing hydrology monitoring, contributing to the enhancement of water security and the strengthening of resilience against hydrological extremes

Photocatalytic degradation of enrofloxacin with CoAl-LDH mediated persulfate system: Efficiency evaluations and reaction pathways

Residual enrofloxacin (ENR) exposed in aqueous environments is challenging to the ecosphere. In this work, a layered double hydroxide CoAl-LDH was used to activate the common oxidizing agent persulfate (PS) for photodegradation of ENR, and the degradation pathways of ENR were scrutinized and elucidated. The results indicated that, under the optimal conditions obtained through orthogonal experiments, even though the degradation rate of ENR was as high as 97.72%, the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) from the system was only about 30%. Eleven probable reaction pathways were categorized, and thirty-one types of intermediates were identified in participating in the complex degradation process. The major products of ENR were P4 (C17H20FN3O3), P22 (C19H22FN3O4), P19 (C17H18FN3O3), which are mainly derived from the cleavage of the piperazine groups and quinolone rings. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the Fukui index for ENR revealed that the two N atoms in the piperazine ring were the core reactive sites in triggering the degradation chains, which were sensitive for electrophilic attack by the dominant radicals (•OH and SO4•-) generated from the composite PS-UV-CoAl-LDH system

atp6v0b gene regulates the immune response against Vibrio vulnificus in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

The vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) plays an important role in phagocytic acidification, and its V0-V1 complex transports protons across the membrane to the phagocytic body. ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit B (ATP6V0B) is a subunit of the V0 membrane integration domain of V-ATPase in mammals. At present, the role of the atp6v0b gene in teleost has not yet been defined. Here, we studied the role of atp6v0b gene in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) in response to Vibrio vulnificus infection. Liver ultrapathology data showed an increase in lysosomes and formation of autophagosome vesicles following an infection with Vibrio vulnificus, demonstrating binding of the lysosome to the autophagosome. The atp6v0b gene encodes 211 amino acids in the half-smooth tongue sole. The atp6v0b gene is constitutively expressed in all examined tissues of healthy half-smooth tongue sole, with the highest expression in blood and gill. A challenge test of the half-smooth tongue sole to different concentrations of Vibrio vulnificus was also done. The result showed that the relative upregulation of atp6v0b in liver, spleen, blood and heart with the highest expression in high infection group (group H) at 24h, which then decreased gradually as the reaction progressed to 72h. In contrast, muscle experienced the highest atp6v0b expression at 72h. Taken together, our data highlights the role of atp6v0b in regulating the immune response against Vibrio vulnificus

Sulforaphane-Enriched Extracts from Broccoli Exhibit Antimicrobial Activity against Plant Pathogens, Promising a Natural Antimicrobial Agent for Crop Protection

Sulforaphane (SFN) is one of the hydrolysates of glucosinolates (GSLs), primarily derived from Brassica vegetables like broccoli. In clinical therapy, SFN has been proven to display antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the antimicrobial effects and mechanism of SFN against plant pathogens need to be further elucidated, which limits its application in agriculture. In this study, the genetic factors involved in SFN biosynthesis in 33 B. oleracea varieties were explored. The finding showed that besides the genetic background of different B. oleracea varieties, myrosinase and ESP genes play important roles in affecting SFN content. Subsequently, the molecular identification cards of these 33 B. oleracea varieties were constructed to rapidly assess their SFN biosynthetic ability. Furthermore, an optimized protocol for SFN extraction using low-cost broccoli curds was established, yielding SFN-enriched extracts (SFN-ee) containing up to 628.44 μg/g DW of SFN. The antimicrobial activity assay confirmed that SFN-ee obtained here remarkably inhibit the proliferation of nine tested microorganisms including four plant pathogens by destroying their membrane integrity. Additionally, the data demonstrated that exogenous application of SFN-ee could also induce ROS accumulation in broccoli leaves. These results indicated that SFN-ee should play a dual role in defense against plant pathogens by directly killing pathogenic cells and activating the ROS signaling pathway. These findings provide new evidence for the antimicrobial effect and mechanism of SFN against plant pathogens, and suggest that SFN-ee can be used as a natural plant antimicrobial agent for crop protection and food preservation