36 research outputs found
Pt-Decorated Composition-Tunable PdâFe@Pd/C CoreâShell Nanoparticles with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Design of electrocatalysts with both
a high-Pt-utilization efficiency
and enhanced electrochemical activity is still the key challenge in
the development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In the present
work, PdâFe/C bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with an optimal
Fe composition and decorated with Pt are introduced as promising catalysts
toward the oxygen reduction reaction. These bimetallic nanoparticles
have a PdâFe@Pd coreâshell structure with a surface
Pt decoration as established through the use of electron energy loss
spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.
These catalysts exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity (<i>E</i><sub>1/2</sub> = 0.866 V vs RHE), increasing the mass activity
by more than 70% over that of Pt/C in terms of the total mass of Pt
and Pd and by 14 times if only Pt is considered. Simple geometrical
calculations, based on spherical coreâshell models, indicate
that PdâFe@Pt has a surface Pt decoration rather than a complete
Pt monolayer. Such calculations applied to other examples in the literature
point out the need for careful and rigorous arguments about claimed
âPt monolayer/multilayersâ. Such calculations must be
based on not only elemental mapping data but also on the Pt/Pd and
other metal atomic ratios in the precursors. Our analysis predicts
a minimal Pt/Pd atomic ratio in order to achieve a complete Pt monolayer
on the surface of the core materials
Image_2_Identification and characterization of putative effectors from Plasmodiophora brassicae that suppress or induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.TIF
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease of crucifers. Effector proteins are important virulence factors in host recognition of pathogens and the interactions between pathogens and hosts. Secretory proteins, as effector candidates, have been studied in the interaction between Plasmodiophora brassicae and its hosts. In this study, 518 secretary proteins were screened from the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome. A total of 63 candidate effectors that induce or suppress cell death were identified using agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression in Nicothiana benthamiana. The candidate effectors, Pb4_102097 and Pb4_108104 showed high expressing level in the stage of rest spore maturity, could induce cell death and were associated with H2O2 accumulation in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, 55 candidate effectors that could suppress BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) induced cell death, and 21 out of which could suppress the immunity caused by bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4 in Arabidopsis. Based on the expression pattern in different stages, 28 candidate effectors showed high expression levels during the primary and secondary infection stage. Five candidate effectors containing the RXLR motif functioned in the cytoplasm and cell membrane.</p
Table_3_Identification and characterization of putative effectors from Plasmodiophora brassicae that suppress or induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.XLSX
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease of crucifers. Effector proteins are important virulence factors in host recognition of pathogens and the interactions between pathogens and hosts. Secretory proteins, as effector candidates, have been studied in the interaction between Plasmodiophora brassicae and its hosts. In this study, 518 secretary proteins were screened from the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome. A total of 63 candidate effectors that induce or suppress cell death were identified using agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression in Nicothiana benthamiana. The candidate effectors, Pb4_102097 and Pb4_108104 showed high expressing level in the stage of rest spore maturity, could induce cell death and were associated with H2O2 accumulation in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, 55 candidate effectors that could suppress BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) induced cell death, and 21 out of which could suppress the immunity caused by bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4 in Arabidopsis. Based on the expression pattern in different stages, 28 candidate effectors showed high expression levels during the primary and secondary infection stage. Five candidate effectors containing the RXLR motif functioned in the cytoplasm and cell membrane.</p
Table_1_Identification and characterization of putative effectors from Plasmodiophora brassicae that suppress or induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.XLSX
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease of crucifers. Effector proteins are important virulence factors in host recognition of pathogens and the interactions between pathogens and hosts. Secretory proteins, as effector candidates, have been studied in the interaction between Plasmodiophora brassicae and its hosts. In this study, 518 secretary proteins were screened from the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome. A total of 63 candidate effectors that induce or suppress cell death were identified using agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression in Nicothiana benthamiana. The candidate effectors, Pb4_102097 and Pb4_108104 showed high expressing level in the stage of rest spore maturity, could induce cell death and were associated with H2O2 accumulation in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, 55 candidate effectors that could suppress BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) induced cell death, and 21 out of which could suppress the immunity caused by bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4 in Arabidopsis. Based on the expression pattern in different stages, 28 candidate effectors showed high expression levels during the primary and secondary infection stage. Five candidate effectors containing the RXLR motif functioned in the cytoplasm and cell membrane.</p
Image_1_Identification and characterization of putative effectors from Plasmodiophora brassicae that suppress or induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.TIF
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease of crucifers. Effector proteins are important virulence factors in host recognition of pathogens and the interactions between pathogens and hosts. Secretory proteins, as effector candidates, have been studied in the interaction between Plasmodiophora brassicae and its hosts. In this study, 518 secretary proteins were screened from the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome. A total of 63 candidate effectors that induce or suppress cell death were identified using agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression in Nicothiana benthamiana. The candidate effectors, Pb4_102097 and Pb4_108104 showed high expressing level in the stage of rest spore maturity, could induce cell death and were associated with H2O2 accumulation in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, 55 candidate effectors that could suppress BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) induced cell death, and 21 out of which could suppress the immunity caused by bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4 in Arabidopsis. Based on the expression pattern in different stages, 28 candidate effectors showed high expression levels during the primary and secondary infection stage. Five candidate effectors containing the RXLR motif functioned in the cytoplasm and cell membrane.</p
Table_2_Identification and characterization of putative effectors from Plasmodiophora brassicae that suppress or induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.XLSX
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease of crucifers. Effector proteins are important virulence factors in host recognition of pathogens and the interactions between pathogens and hosts. Secretory proteins, as effector candidates, have been studied in the interaction between Plasmodiophora brassicae and its hosts. In this study, 518 secretary proteins were screened from the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome. A total of 63 candidate effectors that induce or suppress cell death were identified using agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression in Nicothiana benthamiana. The candidate effectors, Pb4_102097 and Pb4_108104 showed high expressing level in the stage of rest spore maturity, could induce cell death and were associated with H2O2 accumulation in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, 55 candidate effectors that could suppress BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) induced cell death, and 21 out of which could suppress the immunity caused by bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4 in Arabidopsis. Based on the expression pattern in different stages, 28 candidate effectors showed high expression levels during the primary and secondary infection stage. Five candidate effectors containing the RXLR motif functioned in the cytoplasm and cell membrane.</p
Response to combination of intraocular antibiotic agents.
<p>(A). Respondents using a combination of two or more antibiotic agents for intraocular administration. (B). Reasons for combination of intraocular antibiotics.</p
Prophylactic intraocular injection of antibiotics at the end of primary eye repair.
<p>Prophylactic intraocular injection of antibiotics at the end of primary eye repair.</p
High-Loading Intermetallic Pt<sub>3</sub>Co/C CoreâShell Nanoparticles as Enhanced Activity Electrocatalysts toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
A facile, seed-mediated
growth method and postannealing treatment
have been employed to synthesize a single-phase 40% mass loading intermetallic
Pt<sub>3</sub>Co/Vulcan electrocatalyst, enabling the electrocatalytic
layer to be thinner and thus lowering the mass transport resistance
for the ORR in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). These
40% Pt<sub>3</sub>Co/C nanocatalysts exhibited superior kinetics toward
the ORR, relative to a 20% Pt<sub>3</sub>Co/C catalyst, and only showed
a slight degradation in the half-wave potential and electrochemical
surface area after a 4000-cycle stability test. The high activity
and stability are attributed to a stable intermetallic Pt<sub>3</sub>Co core with a Pt shell two to three atomic layers thick, as well
as to its good dispersion on the support. This seed-mediated growth
approach and postannealing treatment provide a new strategy to ensure
single-phase formation and uniform particle size distribution for
other high-mass-loading binary intermetallic/alloy electrocatalyst
systems and can contribute to the practical commercialization of PEMFCs,
especially in high-current-density applications, such as automotive
Survey of Intraocular Antibiotics Prophylaxis Practice after Open Globe Injury in China
<div><p>Purpose</p><p>To elucidate the Chinese practice of intraocular antibiotics administration for prophylaxis after open globe injury.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was performed online by scanning a Quickmark (QR) code with smartphones at the 20<sup>th</sup> Chinese National Conference of Ocular Trauma in November 2014.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 153 (30.6%) of all participators at the conference responded. Of the respondents, 20.9% were routinely administered with prophylactic intraocular injection of antibiotics at the conclusion of the primary eye repair, and 56.9% were used only in cases with high risk of endophthalmitis development. The intraocular route of delivery was mainly included with intracameral injection (47.9%) and intravitreal injection (42.0%). Cephalosporins (53.8%) and vancomycin (42.0%) were the main choices of antibiotic agents, followed by fluoroquinolones (24.3%), and aminoglycosides (13.4%). Only 21.9% preferred a combination of two or more two drugs routinely. In addition, significantly more respondents from the referral eye hospital (92.7%) replied using intraocular antibiotics injection for prophylaxis compared to those respondents from the primary hospital (69.4%) (<i>p</i> = 0.001, Fisherâs exact test).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Intraocular antibiotics injection for post-traumatic endophthalmitis prophylaxis is widely used in China. However, the choice of antibiotic agents and the intraocular route of delivery vary. A well-designed clinical trial is needed to establish a standardized protocol of intraocular antibiotics administration for post-traumatic endophthalmitis prophylaxis.</p></div