Summary of the UVSGs critical for skin cancer cell survival.

<p>Summary of the UVSGs critical for skin cancer cell survival.</p

Plots showing dose-dependent down-regulation (upper two panels) and upregulation (lower two panels) of UVR-induced DEGs.

<p>Each point represents a sample at the corresponding UVR dose. X-axis represents three different UVR doses; Y-axis represents the log2 fold change of gene expression between irradiated and non-irradiated control cells. N0-1d, N0-3d, N1-1d, N1-3d, N2-1d, and N2-3d are delineated in red, orange, yellow, green, blue and cyan, respectively.</p

Graphs showing time-dependent changes in gene expression of UVR-target genes at Day 3 (yellow) and Day 1 (red).

<p>The x-axis represents the sample names. The y-axis shows the log2 fold change of gene expression between irradiated and non-irradiated control cells. ADAMTSL4 and CST6 showed time-dependent upregulation, while UHRF1 and TRIP13 displayed time-dependent down-regulation in response to UVR.</p

Effect of metabolic inhibitors on ATP levels in CSCs and non-stem cancer cells.

<p>(A, B) ATP content of uPAR⁺ cells and uPAR^- cells treated with 2-DG, oligomycin (OLI) or a combination of 2-DG and OLI. (C) The effect of combination of 2-DG and OLI for various time on intracellular ATP levels in uPAR⁺ cells and uPAR^- cells. (D) The uPAR⁺ cells, not the uPAR^- cells could produce more ATP through mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation under hypoxic conditions than normoxic conditions (E) The addition of substrates (SUB) could remedy the ATP depletion caused by 2-DG and OLI in uPAR⁺ cells but not in uPAR^- cells. Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments. Student’s t-test was used to calculate statistical significance. *P<0.05. SUB, substrates (α-ketoglutarate and aspartate). ns, no significance.</p

Impairment of oligomycin on sphere-forming and proliferative abilities of CSCs in H446 cells.

<p>(A) Representative morphology of spheres maintaining in serum-free medium were established from uPAR⁺ cells treated with oligomycin and 2-DG. (B) Amount of the first-generation spheres generated from uPAR⁺ cells treated with 2-DG and oligomycin. Clonogenic potential of uPAR⁺ cells was reduced by oligomycin treatment. In contrast, 2-DG does not significantly affect the clonogenic potential of CSCs. (C) Number of cells per sphere generated from uPAR⁺ cells treated with 2-DG and oligomycin on the day of 14. (D) Oligomycin inhibits proliferation of both the uPAR⁺ cells and uPAR^- cells, however 2-DG affects only uPAR^- cells but not uPAR⁺ cells. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments. Student’s t-test was used to calculate statistical significance. *P<0.05.</p

Glucose uptake and lactate production in CSCs and non-stem cancer cells.

<p>(A) Glucose uptake by uPAR⁺ cells and uPAR^- cells using 2-NBDG. Left, histogram representation of 2-NBDG intensity. Right, quantification of 2-NBDG uptake as difference in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) between samples and controls. (B) Lactate production rates of uPAR⁺ cells and uPAR^- cells. Data are expressed as mean ±s.e.m. of three independent experiments. Student’s t-test was used to calculate statistical significance. *P<0.05.</p

The effect of oligomycin on CSCs tumor formation ability in vivo.

<p>(A) Experimental scheme. (B) Representative photograph of tumors formed by the cells treated with oligomycin or control cells. (C) Representative photograph of BALB/cA nude male mice with tumor at 42 days. (D) Tumor weight of xenograft tumors volume of the group treated by oligomycin and control group. (E) Growth curve of xenograft tumors volume of the group treated by oligomycin and control group. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of six mice. Student’s t-test was used to calculate statistical significance. *P<0.05.</p

Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Mechanism of a Novel Biphasic Solvent for CO₂ Capture from Flue Gas

The main issue related to the deployment of the amine-based absorption process for CO₂ capture from flue gas is its intensive energy penalty. Therefore, this study screened a novel biphasic solvent, comprising a primary amine e.g., triethylenetetramine (TETA) and a tertiary amine e.g., <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCA), to reduce the energy consumption. The TETA-DMCA blend exhibited high cyclic capacity of CO₂ absorption, favorable phase separation behavior, and low regeneration heat. Kinetic analysis showed that the gas- and liquid-side mass transfer resistances were comparable in the lean solution of TETA-DMCA at 40 °C, whereas the liquid-side mass transfer resistance became dominant in the rich solution. The rate of CO₂ absorption into TETA-DMCA (4 M, 1:3) solution was comparable to 5 M benchmark monoethanolamine (MEA) solution. Based on a preliminary estimation, the regeneration heat with TETA-DMCA could be reduced by approximately 40% compared with that of MEA. ¹³C NMR analysis revealed that the CO₂ absorption into TETA-DMCA was initiated by the reaction between CO₂ and TETA via the zwitterion mechanism, and DMCA served as a CO₂ sinker to regenerate TETA, resulting in the transfer of DMCA from the upper to lower phase. The proposed TETA-DMCA solvent may be a suitable candidate for CO₂ capture

Bioenergetic analyses of CSCs and non-stem cancer cells in SCLC cell line H446.

<p>(A) Basal OCR and ECAR for uPAR⁺ and uPAR^- subsets. (B) The OCR after treatment with indicated inhibitors in uPAR⁺ cells versus uPAR^- cells. (C) Maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacities and mitochondrial reserve capacities in two subpopulations. (D) The ECAR after treatment with indicated inhibitors in uPAR⁺ cells versus uPAR^- cells. (E) The compensative potential of glycolysis of uPAR⁺ cells and uPAR^- cells. (F) ATP content in uPAR⁺ cells and uPAR^- cells. Data are expressed as mean ±s.e.m. of three independent experiments. Student’s t-test was used to calculate statistical significance. *P<0.05.</p

Numbers and morphology of mitochondria in CSCs and non-stem cancer cells.

<p>Ultrastructural analysis of sorted uPAR⁺ cells and uPAR^- cells using transmission electron microscopy. Representative images are shown at magnification of ×10,000 in upper panels and ×30,000 in lower panels. Arrows in lower panel indicate examples of mitochondria. Scale bars: 5 μm (upper panels) and 1 μm (lower panels).</p