Study on Energy Consumption and Coverage of Hierarchical Cooperation of Small Cell Base Stations in Heterogeneous Networks

The demand for communication services in the era of intelligent terminals is unprecedented and huge. To meet such development, modern wireless communications must provide higher quality services with higher energy efficiency in terms of system capacity and quality of service (QoS), which could be achieved by the high-speed data rate, the wider coverage and the higher band utilization. In this paper, we propose a way to offload users from a macro base station(MBS) with a hierarchical distribution of small cell base stations(SBS). The connection probability is the key indicator of the implementation of the unload operation. Furthermore, we measure the service performance of the system by finding the conditional probability-coverage probability with the certain SNR threshold as the condition, that is, the probability of obtaining the minimum communication quality when the different base stations are connected to the user. Then, user-centered total energy consumption of the system is respectively obtained when the macro base station(MBS) and the small cell base stations(SBS) serve each of the users. The simulation results show that the hierarchical SBS cooperation in heterogeneous networks can provide a higher system total coverage probability for the system with a lower overall system energy consumption than MBS.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, accepted by ICACT201

End to End Performance Analysis of Relay Cooperative Communication Based on Parked Cars

Parking lots (PLs) are usually full with cars. If these cars are formed into a self-organizing vehicular network, they can be new kind of road side units (RSUs) in urban area to provide communication data forwarding between mobile terminals nearby and a base station. However cars in PLs can leave at any time, which is neglected in the existing studies. In this paper, we investigate relay cooperative communication based on parked cars in PLs. Taking the impact of the car's leaving behavior into consideration, we derive the expressions of outage probability in a two-hop cooperative communication and its link capacity. Finally, the numerical results show that the impact of a car's arriving time is greater than the impact of the duration the car has parked on outage probability.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, accepted by ICACT201

Spectral-spatial self-attention networks for hyperspectral image classification.

This study presents a spectral-spatial self-attention network (SSSAN) for classification of hyperspectral images (HSIs), which can adaptively integrate local features with long-range dependencies related to the pixel to be classified. Specifically, it has two subnetworks. The spatial subnetwork introduces the proposed spatial self-attention module to exploit rich patch-based contextual information related to the center pixel. The spectral subnetwork introduces the proposed spectral self-attention module to exploit the long-range spectral correlation over local spectral features. The extracted spectral and spatial features are then adaptively fused for HSI classification. Experiments conducted on four HSI datasets demonstrate that the proposed network outperforms several state-of-the-art methods

Ndrg2 regulates vertebral specification in differentiating somites

AbstractIt is generally thought that vertebral patterning and identity are globally determined prior to somite formation. Relatively little is known about the regulators of vertebral specification after somite segmentation. Here, we demonstrated that Ndrg2, a tumor suppressor gene, was dynamically expressed in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and at early stage of differentiating somites. Loss of Ndrg2 in mice resulted in vertebral homeotic transformations in thoracic/lumbar and lumbar/sacral transitional regions in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the inactivation of Ndrg2 in osteoblasts or chondrocytes caused defects resembling those observed in Ndrg2−/− mice, with a lower penetrance. In addition, forced overexpression of Ndrg2 in osteoblasts or chondrocytes also conferred vertebral defects, which were distinct from those in Ndrg2−/− mice. These genetic analyses revealed that Ndrg2 modulates vertebral identity in segmented somites rather than in the PSM. At the molecular level, combinatory alterations of the amount of Hoxc8-11 gene transcripts were detected in the differentiating somites of Ndrg2−/− embryos, which may partially account for the vertebral defects in Ndrg2 mutants. Nevertheless, Bmp/Smad signaling activity was elevated in the differentiating somites of Ndrg2−/− embryos. Collectively, our findings unveiled Ndrg2 as a novel regulator of vertebral specification in differentiating somites

Adsorption of Indium(III) from aqueous solutions using SQD-85 resin

113-119The feasibility of using SQD-85 resin as an adsorbent for indium(III) has been investigated. Various conditions such as solution <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pH, temperature and contact time on the adsorption of indium(III) has also been examined. The results show that the optimal adsorption condition of SQD-85 resin for indium(III) is achieved at the pH value of 5.5 in acetic acid-sodium acetate (HAc-NaAc) buffer solution. The maximum uptake capacity of indium(III) is 297.2 mg/g at 298K at an initial pH value of 5.5. The isotherms data fits well with Langmuir model better than Freundlich model. Kinetics on the adsorption of indium(III) has been studied. The apparent activation energy Ea and adsorption rate constant k298 values are 12.11 kJ/mol and 5.07×10-3 min-1, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters with the ΔS value of 106.61 J/(K·mol) and ΔH value of 13.55 kJ/mol indicate that the adsorption process is endothermic in nature. While the decrease of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) with the temperature increasing indicates that the process occurred spontaneously. Finally, indium(III) can be eluted using 0.1 mol/L HCl solution and the elution percentage was relatively high (97%). Resins before and after indium(III) and adsorbed and characterized by IR spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis