THE EXPRESSION OF PCNA AND APOPTOSIS ON LIVER CELL DAMAGE DUE TO OXIDATIVE PROCESS OF AFLATOXIN B1 BIOTRANSFORMATION

AbstractThe objective of this study was to disclose the expression of Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis on white rat’s liver cells due to oxidative process produced by different dosages and exposure times of Aflatoxin B1 biotransformation. Using factorial design in this experimental study three exposure times and four dosages of AFB1 were used. The experiment used 96 white rats. Adult healthy white rats were divided into four groups of 24 rats each, based on the dosages of AFB, given. Each groups was divided further into three sub groups of eight rats based on the leghth of exposure time to AFB1.Four dosages of AFB1, were introduced orally every day into different groups, consisted of 0, 10, 15 and 20 ug, dissolved in 0.2 ml propylene glicol. Three subgroup received the dosage for 12 weeks, 16 weeks and 20 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. Liver cells with PCNA were scrutinized using immunohistochemical method, using ovidin biotin method (DAKO) and apoptosis were determined by using peroxidase insitu detection kit, while liver cell damage were examined using histological slices stained by haematoxillin eosin.Our data confirmed that : 1) Expression of PCNA were significant differences between no exposure AFB1 with 16 weeks and 15 μg AFB1 exposure (a time that dysplacia started). The expression become increase by the increasing dosages and time exposure of AFB1. 2) Expression of apoptosis become increased until 16 weeks and 15 μg AFB1 exposure (a time that dysplacia started), but after that there is no increase anymore by the increasing dosage and time exposure AFB1.This study conclude that the expression of apoptosis become increase until a time dysplacia started, and then they will decrease, while PCNA become increase after a time where dysplacias started.Key words : PCNA, apoptosis, Aflatoxin B

The Study on Apoptosis of The Liver Cells White Rats Due to the Different Exposure Times and Dosages of Aflatoxin B1

Apoptosis is known to maintenance of tissue homeostasis and elimination of cancer cells. Whithout programed cell death, cell proliferation would lack on important component of control of oncogenic process. Apoptosis is caused by various inducers such as chemival compound and toxin. Aflatoxin B1 is a potent toxin. In the liver, it undergoes biotransformation which produces reactive oxigen species, causes cellular stress that initiates apoptosis. However, the correlation between exposure of AFB and the evidence of apoptosis in the liver and development of Hepato Cell Carcinoma has not been elucidated.For this purpose, we used an animal experiment with 96 white rats (Rattus Norvegicus). Adult healthy white rats were divided into four groups of 24 rats each, based on the dosages of AFB1 given. Each group was divided further into three subgroups of eight rats based on the length of exposure time to AFB1 .Four dosages of AFB1 , were introduced orally everyday into different groups, consisted of 0, 10, 15 and 20 µg dissolved in 0,2 ml propylene glycol. Three subgroups received the dosage for 12 weeks, 16 weeks, and 20 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. Liver cells with apoptosis were scrutinized using peroxidase insitu apoptosis detection kit and liver cell damages were examined using histological slices stained by haematoxillin cosin.In our analysis, we found that apoptosis of the liver increased until the formation of dysplacia of the liver cells. After that apoptosis decreased. It means that the highest dosages and the longest time exposure AFB1 inhibited apoptosis.We concluded that apoptosis of the liver cells due to AFB1 caused not only by the damaged of mitochondria (caused by reactive oxygen species) but also by the mutation of p53 which we could see dysplacia of the liver cell in histogical slices

THE EXPRESSION OF PCNA AND APOPTOSIS ON LIVER CELL DAMAGE DUE TO OXIDATIVE PROCESS OF AFLATOXIN B1 BIOTRANSFORMATION

AbstractThe objective of this study was to disclose the expression of Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis on white rat’s liver cells due to oxidative process produced by different dosages and exposure times of Aflatoxin B1 biotransformation. Using factorial design in this experimental study three exposure times and four dosages of AFB1 were used. The experiment used 96 white rats. Adult healthy white rats were divided into four groups of 24 rats each, based on the dosages of AFB, given. Each groups was divided further into three sub groups of eight rats based on the leghth of exposure time to AFB1.Four dosages of AFB1, were introduced orally every day into different groups, consisted of 0, 10, 15 and 20 ug, dissolved in 0.2 ml propylene glicol. Three subgroup received the dosage for 12 weeks, 16 weeks and 20 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. Liver cells with PCNA were scrutinized using immunohistochemical method, using ovidin biotin method (DAKO) and apoptosis were determined by using peroxidase insitu detection kit, while liver cell damage were examined using histological slices stained by haematoxillin eosin.Our data confirmed that : 1) Expression of PCNA were significant differences between no exposure AFB1 with 16 weeks and 15 μg AFB1 exposure (a time that dysplacia started). The expression become increase by the increasing dosages and time exposure of AFB1. 2) Expression of apoptosis become increased until 16 weeks and 15 μg AFB1 exposure (a time that dysplacia started), but after that there is no increase anymore by the increasing dosage and time exposure AFB1.This study conclude that the expression of apoptosis become increase until a time dysplacia started, and then they will decrease, while PCNA become increase after a time where dysplacias started.Key words : PCNA, apoptosis, Aflatoxin B1</p

Gambaran Pengetahuan dan Sikap Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas tentang Rokok

AbstrakRokok merupakan penyebab kematian sepuluh besar di dunia dimana jumlah kematian mencapai 500 juta orang per tahun. Dalam setiap enam detik terdapat satu kematian akibat rokok.Rokok mengandung lebih dari 4000 senyawa kimia, dimana 60 diantaranya bersifat karsinogenik. Lebih dari 85% penderita kanker paru adalah perokok. Terdapat juga beberapa kanker lain yang ada hubungannya dengan rokok. Salah satu penyakit yang dapat timbul akibat asap rokok adalah leukemia. Disamping itu rokok dapat meningkatkan resiko penyakit kardiovaskuler.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengetahuan dan sikap mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas tentang Rokok. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode penelitian deskriptif dan pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik Simple Random Sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 273 orang. Dari hasil penelitian, menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan responden terhadap rokok berada dalam kategori baik sebesar 0,4%, kategori sedang sebesar 64,5%, dan kategori kurang sebesar 35,1%. Hasil uji sikap responden terhadap rokok berada dalam kategori baik sebesar 90,1%, kategori sedang sebesar 9,5% dan kategori kurang sebesar 0,4%. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas berada pada kategori sedang dan sikap mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas berada pada kategori baik. Disarankan kepada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas agar mencari tahu tentang nikotin dan akibatnya secara mandiri sesuai dengan sistem pembelajaran PBL, serta segera diberlakukannya peraturan bebas asap rokok di lingkungan FK Unand.Kata kunci: pengetahuan, sikap, mahasiswa, rokok.AbstractCigarettes are the top ten causes of death in the world where each year the total of mortality rate reached 500 million people. In every six seconds there will be found a death caused by smoking. Cigarette contains more than 4000 chemical compounds, in which 60of the mare carcinogenic. More than 85% of lung cancer patients are smokers. There are also some other cancers that has relationships withcigarettes. One of the diseases that mayariseas a result of cigarette smokers leukemia. Besides that, smoking may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Andalas about Cigarettes.This is a descriptive research method and the sample with drawal is done by using Simple Random Sampling technique witha sample size of 273 people. The results of the study show that respondent’s knowledge towards Cigarette is the good category 0,4%, the average category 64,5%, and the less category 35,1%. The experiment’s result on respondent’s attitude to wards Cigarette is the good category 90,1%, the average category 9,5% and the less category 0,4%. From these resultsit can be concluded that the knowledge of students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Andalas in average category and attitude of students of the Facultyof Medicine, University of Andalas are ingood category.It is recommended to students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Andalas in order tofind out about nicotine and consequently independently in accordance with the PBL learning systems, as well as the enactment ofsmoke-fre elegislation in the Faculty of Medicine, University ofAndalas.Keywords: knowledge, attitude, students, cigarette

Relationship between topography of the residential area of breastfeeding mothers with zinc and calcium level in breast-milk in West Sumatera

Background: Natural environment, the topography of the residential area affects the nutritional intake of the community greatly. Geographically (including the topography of the residential area), the nutritional intake will affect breastfeeding mothers, because the quantity and quality of breast milk is influenced by the food consumed by mothers every day.Methods: This was observational research with a comparative cross-sectional design. The research was conducted at the Integrated Laboratory of LLDIKTI region X in December 2018 to January 2019 using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).  Samples were 80 breastfeeding mothers consisting of 40 mothers living in lowland and 40 mothers in Highland. Data analyzed using the Kolmogorov Smirnov normalization test and Mann-Whitney test, if p = 0.05, was considered significant.Results: Research showed that there was a significant relationship between the topography of residential area with zinc (p = 0.00) and calcium levels (p = 0.00).  Zinc and calcium levels in breastfeeding mothers were higher in mothers who live in the lowlands than in the highlands.Conclusions: The conclusion of this study, there is a significant relationship between the topography of the residential area of breastfeeding mothers with zinc and calcium levels in breast milk

Relations of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Expression and E-Cadherin (CDH1) Expression in Breast Cancer Patients

The aim of this study is to analyze the relations of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) expression and E-Cadherin (CDH1) expression in breast cancer patients. To date, the synergistic effect of this CDH1/HER2 complex is not well clarified. The design of this study was cross-sectional with a total sample of 56 formalin-fixed paraffin tissue blocks that had been examined for HER2. Furthermore, CDHI expression was examined using the Immunohistochemistry staining technique with the Labeled Streptavidin Biotin Complex (LSAB) method. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation test with abnormally distributed data (p&gt;0.05). Of the 56 data on breast cancer patients, most of the patients (87.5%) were diagnosed at the age of ≥40 years. The majority of cancer staging was IIIB, which was 42.9% of the total 56 patients. The study results shows that 80.0% of HER2-positive patients were in the strong CDH1 group. From these data, there is evidence of correlation between HER2 expression and CDH1 expression in breast cancer patients, however this correlation was not significant (p&gt;0.05).The aim of this study is to analyze the relations of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) expression and E-Cadherin (CDH1) expression in breast cancer patients. To date, the synergistic effect of this CDH1/HER2 complex is not well clarified. The design of this study was cross-sectional with a total sample of 56 formalin-fixed paraffin tissue blocks that had been examined for HER2. Furthermore, CDHI expression was examined using the Immunohistochemistry staining technique with the Labeled Streptavidin Biotin Complex (LSAB) method. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation test with abnormally distributed data (p&gt;0.05). Of the 56 data on breast cancer patients, most of the patients (87.5%) were diagnosed at the age of ≥40 years. The majority of cancer staging was IIIB, which was 42.9% of the total 56 patients. The study results shows that 80.0% of HER2-positive patients were in the strong CDH1 group. From these data, there is evidence of correlation between HER2 expression and CDH1 expression in breast cancer patients, however this correlation was not significant (p&gt;0.05)

The Effect of Environmental Enrichment with Autistic-like Behavior Symptoms on a Rattus norvegicus Model

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental enrichment with autistic-like behavior symptoms on a Rattus norvegicus model. METHODS: The post-test control only group design is used in this study. The study sample is baby of Rattus norvegicus Sprague Dawley strain who were born to cows who gave birth for the 1st time and children from cows who had been injected with valproic acid (VPA) who gave birth for the 1st time. This study has been divided into three groups, namely, negative control, positive control, and intervention: the negative control group; the VPA without enrichment as positive control; and the VPA group with enrichment as intervention group. One-way ANOVA tests were used to data analysis. Data are processed using SPSS version 23.0. RESULTS: This study showed that the mean of social interaction in the negative control group was 359.11 ± 39.33 s higher than the positive control, namely, 182.00 ± 35.80 s and 244.56 ± 19.06 s for intervention. The mean of repetitive movement in the negative control group was 48.00 ± 9.03 s lower than the positive control, namely, 212.11 ± 41.43 s and intervention 160.00 ± 18.91 s. There has been an influence of environmental enrichment with social interaction and repetitive movements on a Rattus norvegicus model (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that there has been an influence of environmental enrichment with social interaction and repetitive movements on a Rattus norvegicus model

PHARMACODYNAMICS EFFECT OF METHYLPREDNISOLONE TABLETS ON THE SERUM CONCENTRATION OF ANNEXIN A1: IN VIVO COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN GENERIC AND INNOVATOR DRUG

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the comparative pharmacodynamics effect of methylprednisolone (MP) innovator, MP branded generic, and MP generic products to the serum concentration of annexin A1 (AnxA1).Methods: It was conducted by two-way crossover design in male rabbits. AnxA1 was measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 h after the administration of the drugs. The peak concentration (Cmax), the time at which the peak concentration was achieved (Tmax), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were also determined.Results: The highest concentration and widest AUC of AnxA1 were obtained in MP innovator drug. MP innovator and branded generic reaches the peak time (Tmax) at the third 3rd h, while the MP generic reaches the peak time at the 5th h. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the serum concentration of AnxA1 between MP tablets after analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance.Conclusion: It could be concluded that the innovator drug of MP tablet gave the same effect on the serum concentration of AnxA1 than its generic counterparts, but an onset of action MP innovator and branded generic is faster than the generic product

The Expression of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 and Interleukin-6 on Human Prostate: Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer

BACKGROUND: Prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer are two of the most common pathological condition of the prostate to be found on male. Both of these diseases share common pathogenesis involving inflammation of prostatic tissues. Chronic inflammation will induce the release of cytokines, followed by cells injury and tissues damage. One of the cytokines that play a role in prostate pathology is IL-6. The inflammation will also induce the releases of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ-1.AIM: This study aims to analyse the expression of IL-6 and TGFβ-1, in prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an observational study, using paraffin-embedded tissue samples of prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Samples were obtained from the laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the cytokine expression, and a semiqunatitaves measurement according to Immunoreactive score (IRS) was performed for evaluation. For the TGFβ-1, the stromal expression was also analysed by measurement of the stromal stained area. The correlation of cytokine expression to Gleason index score was also analysed in prostate cancer. RESULTS: The result showed that this study found that TGFβ-1 was detected both in the stromal component as well as epithelial. With the stromal being the dominant site of expression. The stromal TGFβ-1 expression was of significantly higher in prostate hyperplasia compares to prostate cancer (p &lt; 0.05), while the epithelial expression of TGFβ-1 was not found to be significantly different. IL-6 was mostly expressed intracytoplasmic in epithelia. The IL-6 expression was significantly higher in prostate cancer compared to hyperplasia. However, there was no significant correlation to found between IL-6 expression to the Gleason Score among prostate cancers. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that there were differences in expression of both TGFβ-1 and IL-6 between prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer tissue by immunohistochemistry

The Effect of Giving Dadih on Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene Expression and Malondialdehyde Levels at Aging Kidney

BACKGROUND: The aging process is a complex physiological mechanism that cannot be disclosed in exact detail. Various theories about the aging process have been put forward by many experts. AIM: This study aims to prove the effect of dadih on manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene expression and malondialdehyde levels at aging kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used 30 Rattus norvegicus which were divided into three groups: Group 1 was a positive control (did not get dadih), Group 2 received dadih 1 × 4.5 g/day, and Group 3 received dadih 2 × 4.5 g/day for 42 days. After that, MDA levels of kidney tissue are examined using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances examination technique and examination of kidney and examination of MnSOD was done by immunohistochemical staining of kidney tissue. Data were analyzed using the normality test with Shapiro-Wilk. RESULTS: The results showed that dadih were be able to decreased MDA levels in Group 2 and Group 3 compared to Group 1 (control) 0.97 ± 0.06 pg/mL to 0.75 ± 0.03 (p &lt; 0.05). Dadih also increased MnSOD expression sequentially from Group 1 33.66 ± 9.29 to Group 2 53.58 ± 8.51 and Group 3 73.70 ± 4.29 (p &lt; 0.05) CONCLUSION: This study concluded that dadih can reduce MDA levels in old kidney tissue and dadih can increase the expression of MnSOD