DataSheet1_Honey bee populations of the USA display restrictions in their mtDNA haplotype diversity.FASTA

The genetic diversity of the USA honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations was examined through a molecular approach using two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. A total of 1,063 samples were analyzed for the mtDNA intergenic region located between the cytochrome c oxidase I and II (COI-COII) and 401 samples were investigated for the NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) coding gene. The samples represented 45 states, the District of Colombia and two territories of the USA. Nationwide, three maternal evolutionary lineages were identified: the North Mediterranean lineage C (93.79%), the West Mediterranean lineage M (3.2%) and the African lineage A (3.01%). A total of 27 haplotypes were identified, 13 of them (95.11%) were already reported and 14 others (4.87%) were found to be novel haplotypes exclusive to the USA. The number of haplotypes per state/territory ranged between two and eight and the haplotype diversity H ranged between 0.236–0.763, with a nationwide haplotype diversity of 0.597. Furthermore, the honey bee populations of the USA were shown to rely heavily (76.64%) on two single haplotypes (C1 = 38.76%, C2j = 37.62%) of the same lineage characterizing A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica subspecies, respectively. Molecular-variance parsimony in COI-COII and ND2 confirmed this finding and underlined the central and ancestral position of C2d within the C lineage. Moreover, major haplotypes of A. m. mellifera (M3a, M7b, M7c) were recorded in six states (AL, AR, HI, MO, NM and WA). Four classic African haplotypes (A1e, A1v, A4, A4p) were also identified in nine states and Puerto Rico, with higher frequencies in southern states like LA, FL and TX. This data suggests the need to evaluate if a restricted mtDNA haplotype diversity in the US honey bee populations could have negative impacts on the beekeeping sustainability of this country.</p

Table1_Honey bee populations of the USA display restrictions in their mtDNA haplotype diversity.DOCX

The genetic diversity of the USA honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations was examined through a molecular approach using two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. A total of 1,063 samples were analyzed for the mtDNA intergenic region located between the cytochrome c oxidase I and II (COI-COII) and 401 samples were investigated for the NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) coding gene. The samples represented 45 states, the District of Colombia and two territories of the USA. Nationwide, three maternal evolutionary lineages were identified: the North Mediterranean lineage C (93.79%), the West Mediterranean lineage M (3.2%) and the African lineage A (3.01%). A total of 27 haplotypes were identified, 13 of them (95.11%) were already reported and 14 others (4.87%) were found to be novel haplotypes exclusive to the USA. The number of haplotypes per state/territory ranged between two and eight and the haplotype diversity H ranged between 0.236–0.763, with a nationwide haplotype diversity of 0.597. Furthermore, the honey bee populations of the USA were shown to rely heavily (76.64%) on two single haplotypes (C1 = 38.76%, C2j = 37.62%) of the same lineage characterizing A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica subspecies, respectively. Molecular-variance parsimony in COI-COII and ND2 confirmed this finding and underlined the central and ancestral position of C2d within the C lineage. Moreover, major haplotypes of A. m. mellifera (M3a, M7b, M7c) were recorded in six states (AL, AR, HI, MO, NM and WA). Four classic African haplotypes (A1e, A1v, A4, A4p) were also identified in nine states and Puerto Rico, with higher frequencies in southern states like LA, FL and TX. This data suggests the need to evaluate if a restricted mtDNA haplotype diversity in the US honey bee populations could have negative impacts on the beekeeping sustainability of this country.</p

Image1_Honey bee populations of the USA display restrictions in their mtDNA haplotype diversity.JPEG

The genetic diversity of the USA honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations was examined through a molecular approach using two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. A total of 1,063 samples were analyzed for the mtDNA intergenic region located between the cytochrome c oxidase I and II (COI-COII) and 401 samples were investigated for the NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) coding gene. The samples represented 45 states, the District of Colombia and two territories of the USA. Nationwide, three maternal evolutionary lineages were identified: the North Mediterranean lineage C (93.79%), the West Mediterranean lineage M (3.2%) and the African lineage A (3.01%). A total of 27 haplotypes were identified, 13 of them (95.11%) were already reported and 14 others (4.87%) were found to be novel haplotypes exclusive to the USA. The number of haplotypes per state/territory ranged between two and eight and the haplotype diversity H ranged between 0.236–0.763, with a nationwide haplotype diversity of 0.597. Furthermore, the honey bee populations of the USA were shown to rely heavily (76.64%) on two single haplotypes (C1 = 38.76%, C2j = 37.62%) of the same lineage characterizing A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica subspecies, respectively. Molecular-variance parsimony in COI-COII and ND2 confirmed this finding and underlined the central and ancestral position of C2d within the C lineage. Moreover, major haplotypes of A. m. mellifera (M3a, M7b, M7c) were recorded in six states (AL, AR, HI, MO, NM and WA). Four classic African haplotypes (A1e, A1v, A4, A4p) were also identified in nine states and Puerto Rico, with higher frequencies in southern states like LA, FL and TX. This data suggests the need to evaluate if a restricted mtDNA haplotype diversity in the US honey bee populations could have negative impacts on the beekeeping sustainability of this country.</p

Low Serum Levels of Vitamins A, D, and E Are Associated with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Living in Northern China: A Case Control Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>This study aimed to investigate the association of serum concentrations of vitamin A, D, and E with recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs).</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 1200 children aged at 0.5–14 years were selected via a face-to-face survey in Harbin, China. Among the participants, 600 children with RRTIs comprised the symptomatic group (RRTI group), whereas 600 healthy children were used as controls (control group). Blood samples were collected to measure serum levels of vitamins A and E by HPLC; the serum level of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D), was measured by HPLC-MS/MS.</p><p>Results</p><p>Serum levels of vitamins A and E, as well as 25(OH)D, were significantly lower in the RRTI group than the control group. The conditional logistic regression model and the receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that the insufficiency or deficiency of vitamins A, D, and E was positively correlated with RRTI occurrence (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Low serum concentrations of vitamins A, D, and E were associated with RRTIs in children from northern China.</p></div

Altered Serum Metabolite Profiling and Relevant Pathway Analysis in Rats Stimulated by Honeybee Venom: New Insight into Allergy to Honeybee Venom

To improve our understanding of the disturbed metabolic pathways and cellular responses triggered by honeybee venom stimulation, we compared the changes in serum metabolites in rats, either stimulated or not by honeybee venom, by performing ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry-based metabonomics to identify potential biomarkers. In this study, 65 metabolites were structurally confirmed and quantified and the following results were obtained. First, by pattern recognition analysis, 14 metabolites were selected as potential biomarkers 3 h after venom stimulation. Second, metabolic pathway analysis showed that methane metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism were affected. Finally, the time-dependent metabolic modifications indicated that rats could recover without medical treatment 24 h after venom stimulation. In summary, this new insight into the changes in serum metabolites in rats after honeybee venom stimulation has enhanced our understanding of the response of an organism to honeybee venom

Three-Dimensional Open-Framework Germanate Built from a Novel Ge₁₃ Cluster and Containing Two Types of Chiral Layers

A new open-framework germanate [Ge₁₅O₃₀(OH)₄]·2­(H₂tren), denoted SU-69, was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions with tris­(2-aminoethyl)-amine (tren) as a structure directing agent (SDA). SU-69 crystallizes in a monoclinic space group (<i>C</i>2/<i>c</i>, No. 15) with <i>a</i> = 20.2656(7) Å, <i>b</i> = 11.6250(4) Å, <i>c</i> = 18.5602(10) Å, and β = 90.528(4)°. The framework of SU-69 is built from a novel Ge₁₃O₂₇(OH)₂ (Ge₁₃) cluster with two additional GeO₃(OH) tetrahedra. Two types of chiral 3,6-net building layers are found in the framework, which alternately stack and connect to form a three-dimensional achiral framework with a two-dimensional 10 × 12-ring channel system. The SDA molecules interact with the framework via H-bonds. The thermal stability of as-synthesized SU-69 has also been investigated

Associated factors screened in logistic regression model.

<p>Associated factors screened in logistic regression model.</p

Diagnostic Criteria of RRTIs.

<p>Diagnostic Criteria of RRTIs.</p

Synthesis and Characterization of a Layered Silicogermanate PKU-22 and Its Topotactic Condensation to a Three-Dimensional <b>STI</b>-type Zeolite

A new layered silicogermanate, PKU-22, was hydrothermally synthesized under fluoride conditions using the tetraethylammonium (TEA⁺) cation as the structure directing agent (SDA). The crystal structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Structure analysis reveals that PKU-22 is constructed by <u>sti</u> layers stacking along the [100] direction in an ···AAAA··· manner, with TEA⁺ cations occurring in the interlayer spaces and F^– anions residing within the layer and connecting to Ge atoms, which also act as the charge compensation species. <i>In situ</i> temperature-variable powder X-ray diffraction results indicated that PKU-22 could be transferred into a three-dimensional <b>STI</b>-type zeolite PKU-22a on heating. It is interesting that the TEA⁺ cations remain intact in the structure of the condensed product. Solid-state NMR, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen elemental analyses were applied to aid the structure analysis of PKU-22 and illustrate its transformation. The scheme of the topotactic condensation of PKU-22 to PKU-22a is proposed

Vitamin A, D, and E concentrations.

<p>Vitamin A, D, and E concentrations.</p