(a) Both C19 and C27 induced epidermis proliferation in BALB/c mice.

<p>Mice were subcutaneously injected with C19 or C27 peptide. The paraffin sections were prepared from the skin tissues of injection sites. a By H&E staining, the peptide groups had significantly proliferated epidermis as compared to the control (TNF-α alone). Immunohistochemistry revealed stronger CD31 staining in dermal microvessels in the peptide groups as compared to the control. (b). The microvessel densities were quantitated in CD31 stained sections, showing significant increase in the peptide-injected mice especially in C27 group. Number of mice was five in each group. H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α. Scale bar = 100 μm.</p

CKLF1-derived peptides promoted the viability and proliferation of HUVECs.

<p>Tumor necrosis factor-α (10 ng/ml) was added to the media, in which HUVECs were cultured for 24 h. (a) The 24-h stimulation of C19 and C27 (both 10 nM) increased the viability of HUVECs. (b) Similarly, the two peptides showed enhancement effect on cell proliferation. Compared to C19, C27 had higher potential of affection on cells. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. CKLF1, chemokine-like factor 1; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell. *<i>p</i> < 0.05.</p

Annealing-Induced Antibacterial Activity in TiO₂ under Ambient Light

We demonstrate that annealing at 850 °C in the presence of Cu universally results in robust antibacterial activity under ambient illumination for TiO₂ nanoparticles, different from those annealed in a quartz crucible without metal or in the presence of Ti. Resulting robust antibacterial activity occurred after annealing regardless of the initial properties and crystal structure of the starting samples (two anatase, one rutile, and P25). A clear difference in the powder color from white to gray and a pure rutile crystal structure is observed after annealing in all of the samples. ESR measurements, however, reveal obvious differences in the defects present in the samples annealed under different conditions. Strong antibacterial activity is observed under ambient illumination for samples annealed in the presence of Cu, despite the lower activity for photocatalytic degradation of common dyes such as methylene blue after annealing. Antibacterial activity could not be attributed to the presence of Cu (no activity in the dark) or to the ROS production (none detected under ambient illumination). This indicates that other mechanisms, such as direct charge transfer involving defect levels induced by annealing in the presence of copper, may play a role in the observed antibacterial activity

Direct and indirect effects (via WHODAS dimensions) of common chronic conditions on perceived health VAS, overall sample.

<p>WMH Surveys.</p

Relative WHODAS dimension contributions to the indirect effect of disability on perceived health VAS for each condition, overall sample.

<p>WMH Surveys (Alcohol Abuse and Drug Abuse are not represented because their respective overall indirect effect is not significant).</p

Effects (direct and indirect via WHODAS dimension scores) of conditions on perceived health VAS, overall sample.

<p>WMH surveys.</p><p>p-value<0.05.</p>1<p>Only dimensions with statistically significant effect are included. Getting along and Discrimination not statistically significant.</p

Distribution of the WHODAS dimension scores by income level. The WMH Surveys.

<p>Distribution of the WHODAS dimension scores by income level. The WMH Surveys.</p

General mediation model used in analyses.

<p>The figure displays the general mediation model that has been used to estimate effects according to path-diagrammatic conventions. Squares represent variables. <i>D_i</i> is one of the <i>p = 19</i> disorders under consideration, <i>M_j</i> is one of the <i>k = 8</i> mediating variables (disability dimensions), and VAS is the final outcome. Arrows represent regression slope parameters from independent variables to outcomes. The <i>δ</i> parameters stand for the direct effect regression from disorders to the final outcome. The <i>ι</i> parameters indicate the two regression components of the disorder indirect effects as mediated by <i>M</i>: a) <i>p</i> x <i>k</i> regression parameters from <i>D</i> to <i>M</i> (<i>ι_Dij</i>) and b) k regression parameters from <i>M</i> to VAS (<i>ι_M</i>_j). For each disorder the model can be decomposed in two paths: 1) VAS regressed on disorders, and 2) a causal mediation chain of VAS regressed on mediators which in turn are regressed on disorders. The partial indirect effect of a certain disorder <i>D_i</i> through a mediator <i>M_j</i> is <i>ι_Dij</i> x <i>ι_Mj</i>, whereas its total indirect effect is the sum of the <i>k</i> products across mediators (). Total effects for a disorder are the sum of direct and total indirect effect (<i>δ_i</i>+<i>Ι_i</i>). Directionality cannot be assumed as a causal association in our study due to its cross-sectional, observational nature. Also notice that in the general model, the effect of each disorder on each mediator is adjusted by the direct effect of the remaining disorders (thus controlling for comorbidity), while the impact of a disorder on VAS is controlled by the total effects of the other disorders. Disability is thus fully taken into account, even though it is decomposed in subscales. The effects on VAS are also controlled for age, gender, employment status and country.</p

Multivariate model for associations between traumatic events and suicidal behavior¹.

<p>*Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test.</p>1<p>Assessed in Part II sample due to having Part II controls. Some countries were missing part of the trauma variables and were coded “No” for those variables: Combat, Exposure to War, Refugee were all coded “No” for India and Brazil, and Natural Disaster also coded “No” for Brazil. For Israel, the entire sample is coded “Yes” for exposure to war with the age of onset set to the age they moved to Israel. Controls for all models included person-year, country, demographic factors (age, sex, time-varying education, time-varying marriage), interactions between life course (3 dichotomous dummies representing early, middle, and later years in the person's life) and demographic variables, parent psychopathology, and childhood adversities (additional details available upon request).</p

Suicidal behavior assessed with interactions between DSM-IV PTSD and individual traumatic events¹.

<p>*Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test.</p>1<p>Multiviate models included interaction terms between DSM-IV PTSD and each trauma event. Only interaction terms are shown in the table, while the main effects are still controlled for. Assessed in Part II sample due to having Part II controls. Some countries were missing part of the trauma variables and were coded “No” for those variables: Combat, Exposure to War, Refugee were all coded “No” for India and Brazil, and Natural Disaster also coded “No” for Brazil. For Israel, the entire sample is coded “Yes” for exposure to war with the age of onset set to the age they moved to Israel. Controls for all models included person-year, country, demographic factors (age, sex, time-varying education, time-varying marriage), interactions between life course (3 dichotomous dummies representing early, middle, and later years in the person's life) and demographic variables, parent psychopathology, and childhood adversities (additional details available upon request).</p