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    Predictive factors for the development of post-operative fibrinous exudation

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    Всяка Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Π° Π² офталмологията Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π±Π°Ρ‚, относно своитС прилоТСния, Сфикасност, рискови Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, противипоказания ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. НалицС Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ‡Π΅ нСдискутируСм ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ консСнсус Π·Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°, Ρ‡Π΅ постопСративното възпалСниС слСд всяка Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° интСрвСнция трябва Π΄Π° бъдС ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ1. ЧСстотата Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΠ·ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° рСакция Π² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° слСд ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Π° хирургия ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° достигнС Π΄ΠΎ 30%, Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ тСТСст2. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΡŠΠ·ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π° рСакция Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡˆΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°, Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ повишаванС Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ наляганС (Π’ΠžΠ), ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π½Π΅Π°Π»Π΅Π½ Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΌ, Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π° ΡƒΠ²Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°, Ρ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Сксудация ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‡Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°, Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈ синСхии, кистоидСн ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ, Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. ИзслСдванС ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ влияниС Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ Ρ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Π° Сксудация, Π±ΠΈΡ…Π° поставили Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΡŠΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° дискусия, относно ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄- , ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°- ΠΈ постопСративния Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŠΠΌ.Π¦Π΅Π»Π”Π° изслСдвамС ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΡ…Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π±ΡŠΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ с Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° рСакция Π² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‡Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° слСд факоСмулсификационна хирургия. Π”Π° прСдставим, ΡΡŠΡ‰ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ°, нашия ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚ Π² тСрапията Π½Π° остро Π½Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŠΠΏΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Сксудация.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ”ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½ΡŠΡ‚ Π½Π° настоящСто ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡƒΡ‡Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π΅ рСтроспСктивСн ΠΈ обсСрвационСн, с ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° прослСдяванС 04.01 - 15.12.2017r. ΠšΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π² изслСдванСто са стандартно ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π° факоСмулсификация Π½Π° Π»Π΅Ρ‰Π°, Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ имплантация Π½Π° Π’ΠžΠ› Π² капсулния сак.Π˜Π·ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ сС Π²Π·Π΅Ρ…Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄, с Ρ†Π΅Π» обособяванС Π½Π° рисковитС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ само Π·Π° факоСмулсификацията ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄, са ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΏΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Π° (факоСмулсификация с трабСкулСктомия, факоСмулсификация с парс ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° витрСктомия).Π˜Π·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€ изслСдвания Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π²Π° обстойно ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ изслСдванС, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½Π° офталмоскопия, Goldmann тономСтрия, кСратомСтрия ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°, ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° А Схография.На всички 191 участници Π² изслСдванСто, ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ 67 мъТС (35,1 %) ΠΈ 124 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ (64,9%), Π½Π° срСдна Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ ~ 68Π³., Π² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡΠ΄ΡŠΠΊ, Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π° факоСмулсификация Π½Π° Π»Π΅Ρ‰Π° с имплантация Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΎΡ‡Π½Π° изкуствСна Π»Π΅Ρ‰Π° (Π’ΠžΠ›). Всички ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ са ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² 3Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠšΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈ болСсти, Π£ΠœΠ‘ΠΠ› "АлСксандровска", ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³, ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡŠΡ‰Π°, ΡƒΡ‚Π²ΡŠΡ€Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°.РСзултатиНа всички 191 ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° (191 ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ) Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π° факоСмулсификация Π½Π° Π»Π΅Ρ‰Π° с имплантация Π½Π° Π’ΠžΠ›, ΠΏΠΎ ΡƒΡ‚Π²ΡŠΡ€Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. 78 (40,8%) ΠΎΡ‚ участницитС са с Ρ…ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½, Π°ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½, асфСричСн ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ останалата Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° ΠΎΡ‚ 113 Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠΈ (59,2%) са с Ρ…ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½, Π°ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½, асфСричСн Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π’ΠžΠ›. ΠŸΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π° ( Ρ…ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΠΈ Ρ…ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°) Π’ΠžΠ› са 162 (84,8%), a ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ 29 (15,2%) Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° Π’ΠžΠ› с Ρ€Π°Π·ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½Π° Π΄ΡŠΠ»Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° фокуса (EDOF). Π€ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Сксудация Π² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‡Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° (ПК), ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π· ранния постопСративСн ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄, Π΅ установСна ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° (2,4%) ΠΎΡ‚ изслСдваната ΠΊΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π° тСрапия с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΡŠΠ·ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ срСдства (кортикостСроиди) Ρ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ всСки ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° сС Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ€Π° напълно. ΠžΡ‚Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ‚ (80% ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с Сксудация), ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Ρ‰ΠΎ заболяванС, ΠΈ имплантацията Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° Π’ΠžΠ› (1 ОО% ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с Сксудация) са Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с Π½Π°ΠΉ-висока ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° стойност Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° рСакция.Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Ρ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π° Π΅ срСд основнитС Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΠ²ΡŠΡ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈ заболявания. НСйната чСстота нараства с Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚Ρ‚Π° 3. Π’ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈ свСтовСн ΠΌΠ°Ρ‰Π°Π± факоСмулсификацията Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΉ-чСсто ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠ²Π°Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° интСрвСнция Π² офталмологията 4. Π Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π²ΡŠΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈ изкуствСни Π»Π΅Ρ‰ΠΈ Π² днСшно Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π΅ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π²Π°ΠΉΠΊΠΈ сС Π΄Π° Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ постоянно ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡˆΠ°Π²Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сС изисквания ΠΈ стандарти Π² офталмохирургията. ΠŸΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‡Π²Π°Ρ‰Π°Ρ‚Π° сС чСстотата Π½Π° захарния Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ‚ поставя Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡŠΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠΈ относно ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ Π’ΠžΠ› са Π½Π°ΠΉ-подходящи ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡŠΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ със систСмни ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Ρ‰ΠΈ заболявания.IntroductionEach surgical procedure in ophthalmology is a subject of debate about its applications, efficiency, risk factors, contraindications, etc. There is, however, an indiscriminate and persistent consensus that post-operative inflammation after each surgical intervention should be minimal. The incidence of inflammation in the anterior chamber after cataract surgery may reach 30%, varying in severity. The anterior chamber inflammatory response is significant due to the fact that it can lead to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal edema, endothelial damage, fibrinous exudation and membrane in the anterior chamber, posterior synechiae, cystoid macular edema, chronic anterior uveitis and others. Investigation and analysis of various factors influencing fibrinous pre-chamber exudation would pose new questions for discussion about the pre-, intra- and postoperative therapeutic algorithm.AimTo investigate and analyze various factors that might be in correlation relationship with the development of fibrinous reaction in the anterior chamber after phacoemulsification surgery. Let`s also present our clinical experience in the treatment of acute fibrinous exudation.Material and methodsThe design of the present clinical study is retrospective and observational, with tracked period 04.01- 15.12.2017. Criteria for inclusion in the study were standard phacoemulsification of the lens without intraoperative complications and implantation of IOL into the capsuler bag. The exclusion criteria taken into account for the purpose of differentiating the risk factors only for the phacoemulsification as a surgical method are executing the one-step combined surgical procedure (phacoemulsification with trabeculectomy, phacoemulsification with pars plan vitrectomy). The preoperative set of studies performed includes a thorough ophthalmologic exam, indirect ophthalmoscopy, Goldmann tonometry, keratometry and biometric ultrasonic A echography. To all 191 participants in the study, of which 67 men (35.1%) and 124 women (64.9%), with average age Γ΄β‚¬β€šΒ§ 68 years, by planned order was assigned a phacoemulsification of the lens with implanted intraocular artificial lens (IOL). All operations were performed in the 3rd ward of the Ophthalmology Clinic, University Hospital `Aleksandrovska`, by one surgeon, according to the same methodology approved in the clinic.ResultsTo all 191 patients (191 eyes) was accomplished phacoemulsification of the lens and implanted an IOL, according to a methodology approved in the ward without any complications. 78 (40.8%) of the participants had a hydrophobic, acrylic, aspheric implant, while the other group of 113 (59.2%) participants had a hydrophilic, acrylic, aspheric IOL. The patients with conventional monofocal (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) IOL were 162 (84.8%) and 29 (15.2%) were with implanted hydrophilic IOL with extended depth of focus. Fibrinous exudation in the anterior chamber during the early postoperative period was found in five patients (2.4%) of the studied cohort. After local therapy with anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids), the fibrinous membrane in each of the five patients is completely absorbed. It was reported that the presence of diabetes mellitus (80% of the patients with exudation) as an accompanying disease and the implantation of monofocal hydrophilic IOL (for 100% of patients with exudation) were the factors with the highest predictive value for developing a pathological fibrinous reaction.ConclusionSenile cataract is among the main age-related eye diseases. Its frequency increases as the age advances. In the national and world scale, phacoemulsification is the most commonly performed surgical intervention in ophthalmology. The variety of intraocular artificial lenses nowadays is enormous, aiming to satisfy the ever-increasing demands and standards in ocular surgery. The rising incidence of diabetes mellitus poses new and important questions about which type of IOL are the most appropriate and recommended in patients with systemic accompanying diseases

    Reproductive biology of Atropa belladonna: embryological features, pollen and seed viability.

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    An embryological study of the Bulgarian native populations of Atropa belladonna has been carried out. Some embryological features typical for the genus Atropa and the family Solanaceae were observed. A new feature, namely endosperm embryo, was also established. The recognised high plasticity of the female gametophyte, as well as the high pollen and embryo viability play an essential role for maintaining the size of populations of the studied species. The specific reproductive features observed are important for the use of A. belladonna as a source of raw material for the pharmaceutical industry and for its status as an endangered species in the Bulgarian flora.Peer Reviewe

    Herbicide potential of selected essential oils from plants of Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families

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    Essential oils from Monarda fistulosa L., Satureja pilosa Vel., Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum Ietswaart. (Greek oregano), Micromeria dalmatica Benth., Thymus longedentatus (Degen & Urum.) Ronniger, and Artemisa campestris L. were evaluated as inhibitors of seed germination in target plants Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium pratense L. using in vitro assays. The essential oils were applied on the seeds as aqueous solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.5–3.0 ΞΌL/mL. Complete inhibition was established at a concentration of 1.5 ΞΌL/mL with the most effective essential oils. Oregano oil was evaluated for its inhibitory activity on seed germination under field conditions; the essential oil was applied as an aqueous solution at concentrations of 3, 5, and 10 ΞΌL/mL on superabsorbent Terawet. The mass obtained was mixed with the seeds of the target plants and planted in a field. After 1 month, the results were evaluated based on the weight of the aerial parts of the plants from control and experimental areas. At the highest concentration studied, the weight of the plants was 77% lower in the experimental areas than in the controls. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that carvacrol-rich essential oils had a strong inhibitory effect on seed germination. The inclusion of the essential oil on a superabsorbent was a good way to preserve its herbicidal activity under field conditions as this prevented its rapid evaporation
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