Transition from Complete to Partial Wetting within Membrane Compartments

Transition from Complete to Partial Wetting within Membrane Compartment

Protein and phosphorus metabolism related enzyme activity.

<p>a) protease; b) acid phosphatase X axis labels are the same to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>.</p

Scanning electron microscopy images of soil colloids after co-culture.

<p>The first row is liquid co-culture with two fungi and the second row is solid co-culture with two fungi. Control: a) and d); low enzymatic fungi, <i>G. rutilus</i>, b) and e); high enzymatic fungi, <i>C striatus</i>, c) and f).</p

Cellulose and chitin metabolism related enzyme activity.

<p>a) chitinase; b) carboxymethyl cellulase; c) β-glucosidase. X axis labels: 1. <i>R. integra</i>; 2. <i>S. granulatus</i>; 3. <i>P. impudicus</i>; 4. <i>P. adiposa</i>; 5. <i>C. dryophila</i>; 6. <i>A. sylvicola</i>; 7. <i>C. striatus</i>; 8. <i>G. rutilus</i>; 9. <i>L. deliciosus</i>; 10. <i>G. mammosum</i></p

Comprehensive analysis of eight EEAs secreted by 10 fungi.

<p>+: detectable enzyme, <b>-</b>: undetectable enzyme; An increasing number of plus signs indicates an increasing level of enzymatic activity. As shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g001" target="_blank">Figs.1</a> to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g003" target="_blank">3</a>, the fungi with the highest enzymatic activity together with those of no significant differences (those with the letter of <i>a</i> on the column) was marked as 6 plus (++++++). Thereafter, the fungi with the letter <i>b</i>,c,<i>d</i>,<i>e</i>, and <i>f</i> on the column of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g001" target="_blank">Figs.1</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g002" target="_blank">2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g003" target="_blank">3</a> was marked as 5 plus (+++++),4 plus (++++), 3 plus(+++), 2 plus(++) and 1plus(+), respectively.</p><p>Comprehensive analysis of eight EEAs secreted by 10 fungi.</p

Functional traits changes after liquid (a) and solid (b) co-culture with high enzymatic fungi (<i>C. striatus</i>) and low enzymatic fungi (<i>G. rutilus</i>).

<p>A schematic map is shown in (c) describing the infrared spectrum in liquid co-culture, and the map for solid co-culture is similar. Labels of X axis (I,II,II,IV) can be found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Wave number ranges used for data analysis and their dominating chemical compounds and functional groups [39].

<p>Wave number ranges used for data analysis and their dominating chemical compounds and functional groups <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone.0111740-Johnson1" target="_blank">[39]</a>.</p

Lignin metabolism related enzyme activity.

<p>a) Polyphenol oxidase; b) Laccase; (c) Guaiacol oxidase. X axis labels: 1. <i>R. integra</i>; 2. <i>S. granulatus</i>; 3. <i>P. impudicus</i>; 4. <i>P. adiposa</i>; 5. <i>C. dryophila</i>; 6. <i>A. sylvicola</i>; 7. <i>C. striatus</i>; 8. <i>G. rutilus</i>; 9. <i>L. deliciosus</i>; 10. <i>G. mammosum</i></p

Elemental composition alterations during liquid and solid co-culture with soil via energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.

<p>Elemental composition alterations during liquid and solid co-culture with soil via energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.</p

Wetting-Induced Budding of Vesicles in Contact with Several Aqueous Phases

Osmotic deflation of vesicles enclosing two liquid phases can lead to bulging of one of the phases from the vesicle body. This budding process is preceded by a complete to partial wetting transition of one of the liquid phases on the membrane and depends on the membrane tensions and the tension of the interface between the enclosed liquid phases. These tensions dominate in different morphology regimes, the crossover of which initiates the budding process. In addition, the degree of budding can be controlled by aspiration via micropipets. We also demonstrate that the budding direction can be reversed if there are two external phases in contact with the vesicle