CAF: Cluster Algorithm and A-Star with Fuzzy Approach for Lifetime Enhancement in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy is a major factor in designing wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In particular, in the real world, battery energy is limited; thus the effective improvement of the energy becomes the key of the routing protocols. Besides, the sensor nodes are always deployed far away from the base station and the transmission energy consumption is index times increasing with the increase of distance as well. This paper proposes a new routing method for WSNs to extend the network lifetime using a combination of a clustering algorithm, a fuzzy approach, and an A-star method. The proposal is divided into two steps. Firstly, WSNs are separated into clusters using the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) method. Secondly, the combined methods of fuzzy inference and A-star algorithm are adopted, taking into account the factors such as the remaining power, the minimum hops, and the traffic numbers of nodes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method has significant effectiveness in terms of balancing energy consumption as well as maximizing the network lifetime by comparing the performance of the A-star and fuzzy (AF) approach, cluster and fuzzy (CF)method, cluster and A-star (CA)method, A-star method, and SEP algorithm under the same routing criteria

Observation of a dissipative time crystal in a strongly interacting Rydberg gas

The notion of spontaneous symmetry breaking has been well established to characterize classical and quantum phase transitions of matters, such as in condensation, crystallization, and quantum magnetism, etc. Generalizations of this paradigm to the time dimension can further lead to an exotic dynamical phase, the time crystal, which spontaneously breaks the time translation symmetry of the system [1]. While the existence of a continuous time crystal at equilibrium has been challenged by the no-go theorems [2, 3], the difficulty can be circumvented by the dissipation in an open system. Here, we report the experimental observation of such a dissipative time crystalline order in a room-temperature atomic gas, where ground-state atoms are continuously driven to Rydberg states via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The emergent time crystal is revealed by persistent oscillations of the probe-field transmission, with ultralong lifetime and no observable damping during the measurement. We show that the observed limit cycles arise from the coexistence and competition between distinct Rydberg components, in agreement with a mean-field analysis derived from the microscopic model. The random phase distribution of the oscillation for repeated realizations, together with the robustness against temporal noises further supports our realization of a dissipative time crystal.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Investigating the Molecular Mechanism of Aqueous Extract of Cyclocarya paliurus on Ameliorating Diabetes by Transcriptome Profiling

Diabetes is generally regarded as a metabolic disorder disease caused by various reasons, including pancreas islet injury and lipid metabolism disorders. The aqueous extract of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves (CPAE) was reported to be anti-diabetic. However, the possible molecular mechanisms have not been investigated. To elucidate the anti-diabetic effects of CPAE and the underlying potential mechanisms, we performed transcriptome profiling (RNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq) on the pancreas and liver from non-diabetic, diabetic and diabetic-CPAE rats. Our results demonstrated the CPAE could reduce excessive oxidative stress and inflammation in the pancreas, and maintain the balance of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. Transcriptome profiling and regulatory network analysis indicated that CPAE may ameliorate diabetes through improving β-cell survival and strengthening insulin secretion in the pancreas. Meanwhile, CPAE could improve impaired lipid metabolism and reduce excessive oxidative damage in the liver probably through miR-200/375-Aldh1b1/Hps5-Hes1 co-regulatory network. Taken together, our biochemical experiments combined with transcriptome profiling showed that the effects of CPAE on anti-diabetes may work through protecting pancreatic β-cell, improving dyslipidaemia and lipid metabolism disorders

Tumor exosome-based nanoparticles are efficient drug carriers for chemotherapy

Developing biomimetic nanoparticles without loss of the integrity of proteins remains a major challenge in cancer chemotherapy. Here, we develop a biocompatible tumor-cell-exocytosed exosome-biomimetic porous silicon nanoparticles (PSiNPs) as drug carrier for targeted cancer chemotherapy. Exosome-sheathed doxorubicin-loaded PSiNPs (DOX@E-PSiNPs), generated by exocytosis of the endocytosed DOX-loaded PSiNPs from tumor cells, exhibit enhanced tumor accumulation, extravasation from blood vessels and penetration into deep tumor parenchyma following intravenous administration. In addition, DOX@E-PSiNPs, regardless of their origin, possess significant cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in both bulk cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs). These properties endow DOX@E-PSiNPs with great in vivo enrichment in total tumor cells and side population cells with features of CSCs, resulting in anticancer activity and CSCs reduction in subcutaneous, orthotopic and metastatic tumor models. These results provide a proof-of-concept for the use of exosome-biomimetic nanoparticles exocytosed from tumor cells as a promising drug carrier for efficient cancer chemotherapy.Peer reviewe