TableQAKit: A Comprehensive and Practical Toolkit for Table-based Question Answering

Table-based question answering (TableQA) is an important task in natural language processing, which requires comprehending tables and employing various reasoning ways to answer the questions. This paper introduces TableQAKit, the first comprehensive toolkit designed specifically for TableQA. The toolkit designs a unified platform that includes plentiful TableQA datasets and integrates popular methods of this task as well as large language models (LLMs). Users can add their datasets and methods according to the friendly interface. Also, pleasantly surprised using the modules in this toolkit achieves new SOTA on some datasets. Finally, \tableqakit{} also provides an LLM-based TableQA Benchmark for evaluating the role of LLMs in TableQA. TableQAKit is open-source with an interactive interface that includes visual operations, and comprehensive data for ease of use.Comment: Work in progres

Single-molecule identification of quenched and unquenched states of LHCII

In photosynthetic light harvesting, absorbed sunlight is converted to electron flow with near-unity quantum efficiency under low light conditions. Under high light conditions, plants avoid damage to their molecular machinery by activating a set of photoprotective mechanisms to harmlessly dissipate excess energy as heat. To investigate these mechanisms, we study the primary antenna complex in green plants, light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), at the single-complex level. We use a single-molecule technique, the Anti-Brownian Electrokinetic trap, which enables simultaneous measurements of fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and spectra in solution. With this approach, including the first measurements of fluorescence lifetime on single LHCII complexes, we access the intrinsic conformational dynamics. In addition to an unquenched state, we identify two partially quenched states of LHCII. Our results suggest that there are at least two distinct quenching sites with different molecular compositions, meaning multiple dissipative pathways in LHCII. Furthermore, one of the quenched conformations significantly increases in relative population under environmental conditions mimicking high light.This material is based on work supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences under Award Number DE-FG02-07ER15892 (to W.E.M) and by the Dutch organization for scientific research (NWO-ALW) via a Vici grant (to R.C.). R.v.G. and T.P.J.K. were supported by the Netherlands Organization for Sciences, Council of Chemical Sciences (NWO-CW) via a TOP-grant (700.58.305). R.v.G. was further supported by an Advanced Investigator grant from the European Research Council (no. 267333, PHOTPROT) and by the EU FP7 project PAPETS (GA 323901). R.v.G. gratefully acknowledges his Academy Professor grant from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). T.P.J.K. was further supported by University of Pretoria’s Research Development Programme (grant no. A0W679). The authors would like to acknowledge the following fellowships: a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Center for Molecular Analysis and Design at Stanford University (to G.S.S.-C.); a Kenneth and Nina Tai Stanford Graduate Fellowship (to H.-Y.Y.); and a Long Term Fellowship from EMBO (to M.G.).http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jpclcdhb2017Physic

Single-molecule identification of quenched and unquenched states of LHCII

In photosynthetic light harvesting, absorbed sunlight is converted to electron flow with near-unity quantum efficiency under low light conditions. Under high light conditions, plants avoid damage to their molecular machinery by activating a set of photoprotective mechanisms to harmlessly dissipate excess energy as heat. To investigate these mechanisms, we study the primary antenna complex in green plants, light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), at the single-complex level. We use a single-molecule technique, the Anti-Brownian Electrokinetic trap, which enables simultaneous measurements of fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and spectra in solution. With this approach, including the first measurements of fluorescence lifetime on single LHCII complexes, we access the intrinsic conformational dynamics. In addition to an unquenched state, we identify two partially quenched states of LHCII. Our results suggest that there are at least two distinct quenching sites with different molecular compositions, meaning multiple dissipative pathways in LHCII. Furthermore, one of the quenched conformations significantly increases in relative population under environmental conditions mimicking high light.This material is based on work supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences under Award Number DE-FG02-07ER15892 (to W.E.M) and by the Dutch organization for scientific research (NWO-ALW) via a Vici grant (to R.C.). R.v.G. and T.P.J.K. were supported by the Netherlands Organization for Sciences, Council of Chemical Sciences (NWO-CW) via a TOP-grant (700.58.305). R.v.G. was further supported by an Advanced Investigator grant from the European Research Council (no. 267333, PHOTPROT) and by the EU FP7 project PAPETS (GA 323901). R.v.G. gratefully acknowledges his Academy Professor grant from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). T.P.J.K. was further supported by University of Pretoria’s Research Development Programme (grant no. A0W679). The authors would like to acknowledge the following fellowships: a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Center for Molecular Analysis and Design at Stanford University (to G.S.S.-C.); a Kenneth and Nina Tai Stanford Graduate Fellowship (to H.-Y.Y.); and a Long Term Fellowship from EMBO (to M.G.).http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jpclcdhb2017Physic

Mechanisms of Myocardial Stunning in Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy, in contrast to acute myocardial infarction, is a type of acute heart failure characterized by reversible left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiac imaging primarily reveals left ventricle myocardial stunning, 81.7% of which is apical type. Emotional or psychological stress usually precedes the onset of stress-induced cardiomyopathy, which is increasingly being recognized as a unique neurogenic myocardial stunning disease. To distinguish between acute myocardial infarction and acute viral or auto-immune myocarditis, this review summarizes specific mechanisms of myocardial stunning in stress-induced cardiomyopathy, such as calcium disorders, metabolic alterations, anatomical and histological variations in different parts of the left ventricle, and microvascular dysfunction

Sintering behavior and mechanism of tungsten powders prepared by solution combustion synthesis combined with hydrogen reduction

Nanosized tungsten powders were fabricated by solution combustion synthesis combined with hydrogen reduction. The powder had a size of 20 nm but possessed a large numbers of lattice defects. The fracture surface images at different temperatures show that the as-synthesized tungsten powder could be sintered via a pressureless process to relative density up to 95.78% at 1773 K. Kinetic analysis suggests that grain-boundary diffusion is one of the primary mechanisms of mass transport during the intermediate stage of sintering. The sintering properties are attributed to the ultrafine grain and the high sintering activation caused by the effect of the solution combustion synthesis method. It reveals in detail that the as-synthesized tungsten powder has a lower sintering activation energy compared to commercial nanosized tungsten powder, with a measured hardness of 633 HV

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties, Failure Behavior and Energy Evolution of Different Coal-Rock Combined Specimens

To investigate the effect of the pure coal/rock strength on the mechanical behavior, failure behavior, and energy evolution of coal-rock combined (CRC) specimens, an AG-X250 Shimadzu Precision Universal Test was used to conduct uniaxial compressive loading, uniaxial cyclic loading, and unloading compression experiments on pure coal, pure rock, and different CRC specimens. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and peak strain of the CRC specimen mainly depend on the coal specimen instead of the rock strength. The major failure modes of CRC were the shearing fracture and axial splitting failure, and for the CRC specimen with the same hard rock, the CRC specimen severely failed due to axial splitting cracks. In addition, the released elastic energy Ue, dissipated energy Ud, and kinetic energy Ur increase with increasing rock mass/coal strength, and for CRC specimen with the same coal, the greater the difference in strength between the rock and coal is, the greater the kinetic energy is

Study on Thermal Energy Conversion Theory in Drilling Process of Coal and Rock Mass with Different Stresses

In view of the problem that the evolutionary mechanism of bit temperature during the drilling process is still unclear and the influencing factors are complex, this paper analyzes the causes of heat generation and the factors of heat production when the drill bit interacts with the coal and rock mass. Considering the stress field distribution of coal and rock mass and the dynamic characteristics of drilling, a three-dimensional mechanical structure model of bit drilling is established in this paper, based on the energy conservation theory and introducing the friction heat micro-distribution mechanism. The corresponding relationship between coal stress and the bit temperature variation rate is obtained in this paper. Therefore, the temperature rise condition model and the coal stress identification model can be verified, combined with the existing experimental data. The result shows that the temperature of bit drilling is affected by factors such as bit geometry and drilling parameters, as well as the strength and stress state of the coal and rock. Without considering other factors, the rate of increase in bit temperature is proportional to the stress of the coal and rock mass. Based on the research results, the temperature rate of the drill bit can be used as an index to identify the stress areas of coal and rock mass. Research results provide a theoretical basis for the identification of high-stress risk areas in coal mines

Recent Advances in Gold Nanocluster-Based Biosensing and Therapy: A Review

Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) with bright emission and unique chemical reactivity characters have been widely applied for optical sensing and imaging. With a combination of surface modifications, effective therapeutic treatments of tumors are realized. In this review, we summarize the recently adopted biosensing and therapy events based on Au NCs. Homogeneous and fluorometric biosensing systems toward various targets, including ions, small molecules, reactive oxygen species, biomacromolecules, cancer cells, and bacteria, in vitro and in vivo, are presented by turn-off, turn-on, and ratiometric tactics. The therapy applications are concluded in three aspects: photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and as a drug carrier. The basic mechanisms and performances of these systems are introduced. Finally, this review highlights the challenges and future trend of Au NC-based biosensing and therapy systems