Quantitative evaluation of vessel segmentation algorithms related to the second class of the images.

<p>Comparison of performance between the recent studies according to the second class of the images, including 1th, 5th, 11th, 15th, 16th, 19th test images from the DRIVE database.</p

The steps are involved to process three class members of retina images.

<p>The numbered steps are illustrated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095943#pone-0095943-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>.</p

Subgroup analyses of short-term mortality among patients with STEMI who presented during off-hours versus on-hours.

<p>Subgroup analyses of short-term mortality among patients with STEMI who presented during off-hours versus on-hours.</p

Multiplication of images with the original image named 02_test from the DRIVE database.

<p>(A) Illustration of the resultant mask used for extraction of the enhanced retinal vessels via entropy based binarisation. (B) A global thresholded image after combining (A) and Fig. 4.</p

Extraction of the error image in the region that the error image is overlapped with the straight line based image of Fig. 15(H).

<p>Extraction of the error image in the region that the error image is overlapped with the straight line based image of Fig. 15(H).</p

Off-hours presentation is associated with short-term mortality but not with long-term mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>The association between off-hours presentation and mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains unclear. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the impact of off-hours presentation on short- and long-term mortality among STEMI patients.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from their inception to 10 July 2016. Studies were eligible if they evaluated the relationship of off-hours (weekend and/or night) presentation with short- and/or long-term mortality.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 30 studies with 33 cohorts involving 192,658 STEMI patients were included. Off-hours presentation was associated with short-term mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.12, P = 0.004) but not with long-term mortality (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.94–1.07, P = 0.979). No significant heterogeneity was observed. The outcomes remained the same after sensitivity analyses and trim and fill analyses. Subgroup analyses showed that STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention do not have a higher risk of short-term mortality (OR 1.061, 95% CI 0.993–1.151). In addition, higher mortality was observed only during hospitalization (OR 1.072, 95% CI 1.022–1.125), not at the 30-day, 1-year or long-term follow-ups.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Off-hours presentation was associated with an increase in short-term mortality, but not long-term mortality, among STEMI patients. Clinical approaches to decrease short-term mortality regardless of the time of presentation should be evaluated in future studies.</p></div

Illustration of the texture-based partitioning of fundus photograph.

<p>(A) Colour-coded mapping of the vessel texture, with the original image named 02_test from DRIVE database. (B) Colour-coded mapping of the two partitions of vessel texture: one is dominated by small blood vessels (labeled by blue colour) and the other is mainly controlled by large blood vessels (labeled by red colour).</p

Comparison between manually detected edge images using the image datasets of HRIS, CLRIS, VDIS, and KPIS.

<p>(A), (C), (E), (G) Overlay between the vessel edge points calculated from our algorithm located on top of the manually segmented images with our centreline going through the middle part of the vessel segments. (B), (D), (F), (H) The difference between the two closed version of edge image from our algorithm and background truth, where the value of corresponding standard deviation is as: 1.11, 1.49, 1.55, 1.32.</p

Represents 14 possible windows with three unique orientations along its horizontal axis.

<p>These windows are used to detect all edge points on the vessel centreline image. These windows are convolved with the vessel centreline image. The pixels inside each window are the connected pixels consisting of only three unique coordinates, or along the -axis, or along the -axis. We use black and pink dots to separately represent the possible positions of pixels involved in the window.</p

Outputs of interim processing steps.

<p>(A) Illustration of binarisation with threshold selected to maximise entropy. (B) Illustration of the final segmentation, where the effect of central light reflex, indicated by green arrows in Fig. 5(B) has been removed in the resultant image.</p