Top five associated network functions of genes exclusively regulated by single metabolite generated by IPA.

<p>Top five associated network functions of genes exclusively regulated by single metabolite generated by IPA.</p

Top five associated network functions of all the genes regulated by single metabolite generated by IPA.

<p>Top five associated network functions of all the genes regulated by single metabolite generated by IPA.</p

Validation of gene expression by qRT-PCR.

<p>(A–C) Gene expression in hP29SN stromal cells. <i>CH25H</i>: cholesterol 25-hydroxylase; <i>SSBP2</i>: single-stranded DNA binding protein 2; <i>VHL</i>: von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor; <i>IGF1</i>: insulin-like growth factor; <i>EGFR</i>: epidermal growth factor receptor; <i>LAMB1</i>: laminin subunit β1; <i>RAB7</i>: RAB7A, member RAS oncogene family; <i>MED1</i>: mediator complex subunit 1. (D) Fold changes of gene expression in hP29SN detected by either qRT-PCR or microarray are plotted and linear regression is shown by a solid line. (E–F) The expression of endothelial lipase (<i>Lipg</i>) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11b (<i>Tnfrsf11b</i>) in m<i>Cyp27b1</i>^−/− fibroblasts was measured by qRT-PCR. Randomly selected two sets of experiments were pooled to generate final two sets of RNA samples for both microarray and qRT-PCR. Results are expressed as means ± SD.</p

Top five canonical pathways generated by IPA constructed from genes exclusively regulated by single metabolite.

<p>Top five canonical pathways generated by IPA constructed from genes exclusively regulated by single metabolite.</p

Gene expression profiles.

<p>Hierarchical clustering of the differentially expressed genes in (A) hP29SN stromal cells and (B) m<i>Cyp27b1</i>^−/− fibroblasts after vitamin D₃ treatments. Colored-bands represent the change of the corresponding gene expression, green indicating down-regulation and red up-regulation. The key for deciphering of the color is shown below the clustering image. Venn diagrams of co-expressed and uniquely regulated genes by vitamin D₃ metabolites in (C) hP29SN and (D) m<i>Cyp27b1</i>^−/− fibroblasts.</p

IPA diagrams of the top associated network generated for genes exclusively regulated by each metabolite in hP29SN stromal cells.

<p>(A) Genes regulated by 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ in Cardiovascular System Development and Function, Tissue Development, Organismal Development. (B) Genes regulated by 25(OH)D₃ in Cell Death and Survival, Gene Expression, Tissue Morphology. (C) Genes regulated by 25(OH)D₃ in Cell Death and Survival, Cellular Growth and Proliferation, Cell Cycle. (D) Genes regulated by 24R,25(OH)₂D₃ in Cell Morphology, Cellular Function and Maintenance, DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair. Green indicates gene down-regulation and pink to red indicate gene up-regulation (the more intensive the color, the higher the expression level). An asterisk (*) indicates that multiple identifiers in the microarray set map to a single gene.</p

IPA diagrams of the top associated network generated for all the regulated genes in m<i>Cyp27b1</i>^−/− fibroblasts.

<p>(A) Genes regulated by 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ in Cardiovascular System Development and Function, Organismal Development, Cancer. (B) Genes regulated by 25(OH)D₃ in Humoral Immune Response, Inflammatory Response, Cellular Development. (C) Genes regulated by 25(OH)D₃ in Cancer, Cellular Growth and Proliferation, Connective Tissue Disorders. (D) Genes regulated by 24R,25(OH)₂D₃ in Hematological System Development and Function, Hematopoiesis, Tissue Morphology. Green indicates gene down-regulation and pink to red indicate gene up-regulation (the more intensive the color, the higher the expression level). An asterisk (*) indicates that multiple identifiers in the microarray set map to a single gene.</p

NFCA coated suture performance testing on small-animal tissues.

<p>Suturing was completed with instrument type knots. 12 out of 14 successful sutures were performed on mouse and rat skin (A and B) in addition to rat intestine (C). Some peeling off was observed in 2 sutures during the performance testing (D). Failed sutures were clearly visible and easily noticed as long tube-like segments (D).</p

Confocal imaging of HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 cells stained with CTred and CTgreen, both markers for live cells.

<p>Type-I collagen treated NFCA threads with HepG2 cells mixed within the material (red staining/HepG2 cells within the thread). A-B) HepG2 cells seeded on the surface of the NFCA threads and incubated for 72h (green). C-D) SK-HEP-1 cells seeded on the surface of the NFCA threads and incubated for 48h (green). HepG2 cells within the threads grew individually or in very small clusters; however, surface growth showed typical cluster and epithelial morphology of HepG2 and SK-HEP-1 respectively.</p

Confocal imaging and preparation of NFCA-HepG2 coated surgical sutures.

<p>Live staining of CTred was performed after 72 h incubation. A) Sutures coated with NFCA-HepG2 and sewn three times through a pig liver segment indicating live HepG2 cells within the coating matrix. B, D) Preparation method of NFCA coated sutures. C) NFCA-HepG2 coating could be peeled off from the surgical suture as intact segments without damaging its tube-like structure showing live HepG2 cells remaining within the coating.</p