Formation and functions of arbuscular mycorrhizae in coastal wetland ecosystems: A review

Coastal wetlands are ecotones interspaced by land and ocean and are among the most sensitive and vulnerable ecosystems worldwide. They are unique in hydrological, edaphic, atmospheric, and biological characteristics, and play important roles in maintaining the ecological security and ecosystem services of coastal zones. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are symbiont composed of plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are soil-borne microorganisms widely distributed in various habitats. Many previous studies on mycorrhiza have focused on terrestrial ecosystems while few on wetlands, especially coastal wetlands. We systematically reviewed previous relevant studies to explore the formation and functions of AM in coastal wetland ecosystems as well as the environmental factors that affect them. Habitat characteristics, morphological types, and species diversity of AMF in the coastal wetlands were summarized. Both responses of AMF to environmental factors during AM formation and the functions of AM in coastal wetlands were discussed. AMF are worldwide distributed in coastal wetland and are mainly limited by flooding, hypoxia, soil pH, salinity and the host plants identification. AMF play important roles in coastal wetlands, involving promoting nutrient uptake of host plants, improving the characteristics of rhizospheric soil, and enhancing plant resistance to salt and flooding stress. More comprehensive studies of AMF in vitro in coastal wetlands would be helpful for the conservation and restoration of coastal wetland ecosystems in the changing world.</p

MOESM1 of Effects of mesenchymal stem cells on solid tumor metastasis in experimental cancer models: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Additional file 1: Table S1. The detail characteristics of all the publications included

MOESM2 of Effects of mesenchymal stem cells on solid tumor metastasis in experimental cancer models: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Additional file 2: Figure S1. MSCs with promoting effects on tumor metastasis

Screening Allelochemical-Resistant Species of the Alien Invasive <i>Mikania micrantha</i> for Restoration in South China

<div><p>To screen allelochemical-resistant species of the alien invasive weed <i>Mikania micrantha</i>, we studied the allelopathic inhibition effects of the leaf aqueous extract (LAE) of <i>Mikania</i> on seed germination and seedling growth of the 26 species native or naturalized in the invaded region in South China. Seed germination was more strongly negatively affected by LAE than seedling growth. Responses of seed germination and seed growth to LAE differed differently among the target species. LAE more strongly negatively affected seed germination, but less strongly negatively affected seedling growth, in non-legume species than in legume species. LAE more strongly negatively affected seed germination and seedling growth in native species than naturalized exotic species. Therefore, naturalized exotic non-legume seedlings are more suitable than seeds of native legume species for restoration of <i>Mikania</i>-invaded habitats.</p></div

Image_3_Brain region-specific genome-wide deoxyribonucleic acid methylation analysis in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.JPEG

ObjectiveAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuropathology and cognitive decline and associated with age. The comprehensive deoxyribonucleic acid methylation (DNAm)-transcriptome profile association analysis conducted in this study aimed to establish whole-genome DNAm profiles and explore DNAm-related genes and their potential functions. More appropriate biomarkers were expected to be identified in terms of AD.Materials and methodsIllumina 450KGSE59685 dataset AD (n = 54) and HC (n = 21) and ribonucleic-acid-sequencing data GSE118553 dataset AD patients (n = 21) and HCs (n = 13) were obtained from the gene expression omnibus database before a comprehensive DNAm-transcriptome profile association analysis, and we performed functional enrichment analysis by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses (KEGG). Three transgenic mice and three wild-type mice were used to validate the hub genes.ResultsA total of 18,104 DNAm sites in healthy controls (n = 21) and AD patients (n = 54) were surveyed across three brain regions (superior temporal gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). With the addition of the transcriptome analysis, eight hypomethylated-related highly expressed genes and 61 hypermethylated-related lowly expressed genes were identified. Based on 69 shared differentially methylated genes (DMGs), the function enrichment analysis indicated Guanosine triphosphate enzymes (GTPase) regulator activity, a synaptic vesicle cycle, and tight junction functioning. Following this, mice-based models of AD were constructed, and five hub DMGs were verified, which represented a powerful, disease-specific DNAm signature for AD.ConclusionThe results revealed that the cross-brain region DNAm was altered in those with AD. The alterations in DNAm affected the target gene expression and participated in the key biological processes of AD. The study provides a valuable epigenetic resource for identifying DNAm-based diagnostic biomarkers, developing effective drugs, and studying AD pathogenesis.</p

The three different allelopathic effects of Mikania on seedlings root dry weight (A), shoot dry weight (B), leaf area (C) and Fv/Fm (D) of the 26 target species in low, middle and high concentrations of leaf aqueous extract;negative effect(white), neutraleffect (black) and stimulated effect (batched).

<p>The three different allelopathic effects of Mikania on seedlings root dry weight (A), shoot dry weight (B), leaf area (C) and Fv/Fm (D) of the 26 target species in low, middle and high concentrations of leaf aqueous extract;negative effect(white), neutraleffect (black) and stimulated effect (batched).</p

The allelopathic effects of Mikania on seed germination percent (GP), initial germination time (IGT), germination rate (GR), seedlings root dry weight (RW), shoot dry weight (SW), leaf area (LA) and Fv/Fm of the 26 target species between legume and non-legume species (A) and between native and exotic species (B); bars represent standard errors;““#”: p<0.01; “$”: p<0.001.

<p>The allelopathic effects of Mikania on seed germination percent (GP), initial germination time (IGT), germination rate (GR), seedlings root dry weight (RW), shoot dry weight (SW), leaf area (LA) and Fv/Fm of the 26 target species between legume and non-legume species (A) and between native and exotic species (B); bars represent standard errors;““#”: p<0.01; “$”: p<0.001.</p

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages facilitated migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCC cells via the TLR4/STAT3 signaling pathway

Levels of the p-ERK, p-Ikkα/β, total STAT3, ERK, Ikkα, and Ikkβ proteins were detected using western blotting. (A) Levels of the p-STAT3 and STAT3 proteins in the control, LPS, and M2-CM + LPS groups. (B) Levels of the p-ERK and ERK proteins in the control, M2-CM + LPS, and M2-CM groups. (C) Levels of the p-Ikkα/β, Ikkα, and Ikkβ proteins in the control, M2-CM + LPS, and M2-CM groups. (TIFF 601 kb

The allelopathic effects of Mikania on seed germination percent, initial germination time and germination rate of the 26 target species at three concentrations; bars represent standard errors;“*”: p<0.05; “#”: p<0.01; “$”: p<0.001.

<p>The allelopathic effects of Mikania on seed germination percent, initial germination time and germination rate of the 26 target species at three concentrations; bars represent standard errors;“*”: p<0.05; “#”: p<0.01; “$”: p<0.001.</p

The allelopathic effects of Mikania on seedlings root dry weight, shoot dry weight, leaf areaand Fv/Fm of the 26 target species at three concentrations; bars represent standard errors;“*”: p<0.05; “#”: p<0.01; “$”: p<0.001.

<p>The allelopathic effects of Mikania on seedlings root dry weight, shoot dry weight, leaf areaand Fv/Fm of the 26 target species at three concentrations; bars represent standard errors;“*”: p<0.05; “#”: p<0.01; “$”: p<0.001.</p