Restructuring of a Peat in Interaction with Multivalent Cations: Effect of Cation Type and Aging Time

<div><p>It is assumed to be common knowledge that multivalent cations cross-link soil organic matter (SOM) molecules via cation bridges (CaB). The concept has not been explicitly demonstrated in solid SOM by targeted experiments, yet. Therefore, the requirements for and characteristics of CaB remain unidentified. In this study, a combined experimental and molecular modeling approach was adopted to investigate the interaction of cations on a peat OM from physicochemical perspective. Before treatment with salt solutions of Al³⁺, Ca²⁺ or Na⁺, respectively, the original exchangeable cations were removed using cation exchange resin. Cation treatment was conducted at two different values of pH prior to adjusting pH to 4.1. Cation sorption is slower (>>2 h) than deprotonation of functional groups (<2 h) and was described by a Langmuir model. The maximum uptake increased with pH of cation addition and decreased with increasing cation valency. Sorption coefficients were similar for all cations and at both pH. This contradicts the general expectations for electrostatic interactions, suggesting that not only the interaction chemistry but also spatial distribution of functional groups in OM determines binding of cations in this peat. The reaction of contact angle, matrix rigidity due to water molecule bridges (WaMB) and molecular mobility of water (NMR analysis) suggested that cross-linking via CaB has low relevance in this peat. This unexpected finding is probably due to the low cation exchange capacity, resulting in low abundance of charged functionalities. Molecular modeling demonstrates that large average distances between functionalities (∼3 nm in this peat) cannot be bridged by CaB-WaMB associations. However, aging strongly increased matrix rigidity, suggesting successive increase of WaMB size to connect functionalities and thus increasing degree of cross-linking by CaB-WaMB associations. Results thus demonstrated that the physicochemical structure of OM is decisive for CaB and aging-induced structural reorganisation can enhance cross-link formation.</p></div

A comparison of cation uptake with respect to the amounts remained in treatment solution in aluminium (SP-Al), calcium (SP-Ca) and sodium (SP-Na) treated samples at different cation addition pH.

<p>A comparison of cation uptake with respect to the amounts remained in treatment solution in aluminium (SP-Al), calcium (SP-Ca) and sodium (SP-Na) treated samples at different cation addition pH.</p

Aging effects on WaMB transition temperature (A), Lorentzian line fraction (B) and on the amount of mobilisable water (C), expressed by the difference of the respective parameters after and before aging.

<p>Positive values indicate an increase, and negative values indicate a decrease in the parameter, respectively. Dotted line along zero shown in (C) distinguishes the positive and negative effects.</p

Langmuir fit parameters of sorption curves.

<p>Langmuir fit parameters of sorption curves.</p

Effect of sample treatment by exchange resin followed by addition of specific cations on the major cation content with respect to different charging pH, shown for highest cation loading.

<p>Also the values for untreated (SP) and exchange resin-treated samples (SP-H) are shown.</p

Investigated soil properties with respect to the cation addition pH.

<p>(A) <i>CEC_eff</i>, (B) <i>DOC</i>, (C) <i>CA, (D) T^*, (E) T_2,fast</i> and (F) contribution of fast relaxing water molecules to the total T₂ decay, (G) contribution of Lorentzian line to the ¹H wideline and (H) Difference in the contribution of Lorentzian component after heating event. Dotted lines and dashed lines represents the average values observed for SP and SP-H samples, respectively.</p