634 research outputs found
Compatibility of convergence algorithms for autonomous mobile robots
We investigate autonomous mobile robots in the Euclidean plane. A robot has a
function called target function to decide the destination from the robots'
positions, and operates in Look-Compute-Move cycles, i.e., identifies the
robots' positions, computes the destination by the target function, and then
moves there. Robots may have different target functions. Let and
be a set of target functions and a problem, respectively. If the robots whose
target functions are chosen from always solve , we say that
is compatible with respect to . If is compatible with respect to
, every target function is an algorithm for (in the
conventional sense). Note that even if both and are algorithms
for , may not be compatible with respect to .
From the view point of compatibility, we investigate the convergence, the
fault tolerant ()-convergence (FC()), the fault tolerant
()-convergence to points (FC()-PO), the fault tolerant
()-convergence to a convex -gon (FC()-CP), and the gathering
problems, assuming crash failures. As a result, we see that these problems are
classified into three groups: The convergence, the FC(1), the FC(1)-PO, and the
FC()-CP compose the first group: Every set of target functions which always
shrink the convex hull of a configuration is compatible. The second group is
composed of the gathering and the FC()-PO for : No set of target
functions which always shrink the convex hull of a configuration is compatible.
The third group, the FC() for , is placed in between. Thus, the
FC(1) and the FC(2), the FC(1)-PO and the FC(2)-PO, and the FC(2) and the
FC(2)-PO are respectively in different groups, despite that the FC(1) and the
FC(1)-PO are in the first group
p42MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of xEIAP/XLX in Xenopus cytostatic factor-arrested egg extracts
BACKGROUND: BIR family proteins are evolutionarily conserved anti-apoptotic molecules. One member of Xenopus BIR family proteins, xEIAP/XLX, is a weak apoptosis inhibitor and rapidly degraded in a cell-free apoptotic execution system derived from interphase egg extracts. However, unfertilized eggs are naturally arrested at the metaphase of meiosis II by the concerted activities of Mos-MEK-p42MAPK-p90Rsk kinase cascade (cytostatic factor pathway) and many mitotic kinases. Previous studies suggest that cytostatic factor-arrested egg extracts are more resistant to spontaneous apoptosis than interphase egg extracts in a p42MAPK-dependent manner. We tested whether xEIAP/XLX might be phosphorylated in cytostatic factor-arrested egg extracts, and also examined whether xEIAP/XLX could be functionally regulated by phosphorylation. RESULTS: We found that p42MAPK was the major kinase phosphorylating xEIAP/XLX in cytostatic factor-arrested egg extracts, and three Ser residues (Ser 235/251/254) were identified as p42MAPK-mediated phosphorylation sites. We characterized the behaviors of various xEIAP/XLX mutants that could not be phosphorylated by p42MAPK. However, neither protein stability nor anti-apoptotic ability of xEIAP/XLX was significantly altered by the substitution of Ser with either Ala or Asp at these three sites. CONCLUSION: xEIAP/XLX is physiologically phosphorylated by p42MAPK in Xenopus unfertilized eggs. However, this protein may not serve as an essential mediator of p42MAPK-dependent anti-apoptotic activity
Emergence of Functional Hierarchy in a Multiple Timescale Neural Network Model: A Humanoid Robot Experiment
It is generally thought that skilled behavior in human beings results from a
functional hierarchy of the motor control system, within which reusable motor
primitives are flexibly integrated into various sensori-motor sequence patterns.
The underlying neural mechanisms governing the way in which continuous
sensori-motor flows are segmented into primitives and the way in which series of
primitives are integrated into various behavior sequences have, however, not yet
been clarified. In earlier studies, this functional hierarchy has been realized
through the use of explicit hierarchical structure, with local modules
representing motor primitives in the lower level and a higher module
representing sequences of primitives switched via additional mechanisms such as
gate-selecting. When sequences contain similarities and overlap, however, a
conflict arises in such earlier models between generalization and segmentation,
induced by this separated modular structure. To address this issue, we propose a
different type of neural network model. The current model neither makes use of
separate local modules to represent primitives nor introduces explicit
hierarchical structure. Rather than forcing architectural hierarchy onto the
system, functional hierarchy emerges through a form of self-organization that is
based on two distinct types of neurons, each with different time properties
(“multiple timescales”). Through the introduction of
multiple timescales, continuous sequences of behavior are segmented into
reusable primitives, and the primitives, in turn, are flexibly integrated into
novel sequences. In experiments, the proposed network model, coordinating the
physical body of a humanoid robot through high-dimensional sensori-motor
control, also successfully situated itself within a physical environment. Our
results suggest that it is not only the spatial connections between neurons but
also the timescales of neural activity that act as important mechanisms leading
to functional hierarchy in neural systems
Minimum algorithm sizes for self-stabilizing gathering and related problems of autonomous mobile robots
We investigate a swarm of autonomous mobile robots in the Euclidean plane. A
robot has a function called {\em target function} to determine the destination
point from the robots' positions. All robots in the swarm conventionally take
the same target function, but there is apparent limitation in problem-solving
ability. We allow the robots to take different target functions. The number of
different target functions necessary and sufficient to solve a problem is
called the {\em minimum algorithm size} (MAS) for . We establish the MASs
for solving the gathering and related problems from {\bf any} initial
configuration, i.e., in a {\bf self-stabilizing} manner. We show, for example,
for , there is a problem such that the MAS for the
is , where is the size of swarm. The MAS for the gathering
problem is 2, and the MAS for the fault tolerant gathering problem is 3, when
robots may crash, but the MAS for the problem of gathering all
robot (including faulty ones) at a point is not solvable (even if all robots
have distinct target functions), as long as a robot may crash
Meiotic gene silencing complex MTREC/NURS recruits the nuclear exosome to YTH-RNA-binding protein Mmi1.
Accurate target recognition in transcript degradation is crucial for regulation of gene expression. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a number of meiotic transcripts are recognized by a YTH-family RNA-binding protein, Mmi1, and selectively degraded by the nuclear exosome during mitotic growth. Mmi1 forms nuclear foci in mitotically growing cells, and the nuclear exosome colocalizes to such foci. However, it remains elusive how Mmi1 and the nuclear exosome are connected. Here, we show that a complex called MTREC (Mtl1-Red1 core) or NURS (nuclear RNA silencing) that consists of a zinc-finger protein, Red1, and an RNA helicase, Mtl1, is required for the recruitment of the nuclear exosome to Mmi1 foci. Physical interaction between Mmi1 and the nuclear exosome depends on Red1. Furthermore, a chimeric protein involving Mmi1 and Rrp6, which is a nuclear-specific component of the exosome, suppresses the ectopic expression phenotype of meiotic transcripts in red1Δ cells and mtl1 mutant cells. These data indicate that the primary function of MTREC/NURS in meiotic transcript elimination is to link Mmi1 to the nuclear exosome physically
Adsorption and removal of strontium in aqueous solution by synthetic hydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a main mineral constituent of bone and tooth and has an outstanding biocompatibility. HAP is a possible sorbent for heavy metals in wastewater due to its high adsorption capacity and low water solubility. We developed a removal system of 90Sr from aqueous solution by HAP column procedure. More than 90 % of 90Sr was adsorbed and removed from the 90Sr containing solution. Divalent cations, Ca2+, had little effect on the removal of 90Sr up to a concentration of 1 mmol L−1. This clearly indicates that the HAP column technique is advantageous with respect to the capacity to adsorb 90Sr from water present in the environment
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hilar Bile Duct
We herein report a rare case of squamous cell carcinoma of the hilar bile duct. A 66-year-old Japanese male patient was admitted to our hospital because of appetite loss and jaundice. Abdominal computed tomography revealed an enhanced mass measuring 10 × 30 mm in the hilar bile duct region. After undergoing biliary drainage, the patient underwent extended right hepatic lobectomy with regional lymph nodes dissection. The tumor had invaded the right portal vein. Therefore, we also performed resection and reconstruction of the portal vein. Histopathologically, the carcinoma cells exhibited a solid structure with differentiation to squamous cell carcinoma with keratinization and intercellular bridges. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumor cells revealed positive cytokeratin staining and negative CAM 5.2 staining. Based on these findings, a definitive diagnosis of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the hilar bile duct was made
How to collect balls moving in the Euclidean plane
AbstractIn this paper, we study how to collect n balls moving with a fixed constant velocity in the Euclidean plane by k robots moving on straight track-lines through the origin. Since all the balls might not be caught by robots, differently from Moving-target TSP, we consider the following 3 problems in various situations: (i) deciding if k robots can collect all n balls; (ii) maximizing the number of the balls collected by k robots; (iii) minimizing the number of the robots to collect all n balls. The situations considered in this paper contain the cases in which track-lines are given (or not), and track-lines are identical (or not). For all problems and situations, we provide polynomial time algorithms or proofs of intractability, which clarify the tractability–intractability frontier in the ball collecting problems in the Euclidean plane
X-Ray bright optically faint active galactic nuclei in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam wide survey
We construct a sample of X-ray bright optically faint active galactic nuclei
by combining Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam, XMM-Newton, and infrared source
catalogs. 53 X-ray sources satisfying i band magnitude fainter than 23.5 mag
and X-ray counts with EPIC-PN detector larger than 70 are selected from 9.1
deg^2, and their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and X-ray spectra are
analyzed. 44 objects with an X-ray to i-band flux ratio F_X/F_i>10 are
classified as extreme X-ray-to-optical flux sources. SEDs of 48 among 53 are
represented by templates of type 2 AGNs or starforming galaxies and show
signature of stellar emission from host galaxies in the optical in the source
rest frame. Infrared/optical SEDs indicate significant contribution of emission
from dust to infrared fluxes and that the central AGN is dust obscured.
Photometric redshifts determined from the SEDs are in the range of 0.6-2.5.
X-ray spectra are fitted by an absorbed power law model, and the intrinsic
absorption column densities are modest (best-fit log N_H = 20.5-23.5 cm^-2 in
most cases). The absorption corrected X-ray luminosities are in the range of
6x10^42 - 2x10^45 erg s^-1. 20 objects are classified as type 2 quasars based
on X-ray luminsosity and N_H. The optical faintness is explained by a
combination of redshifts (mostly z>1.0), strong dust extinction, and in part a
large ratio of dust/gas.Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in PAS
- …