Propagation of Hypericum adenotrichum Spach using tissue culture techniques and investigation of secondary metabolite variations under in vitro conditions

In this study, it has been aimed to describe an appropriate procedure for in vitro propagation of H. adenotrichum which is an endemic plant and also has a potential value as a medicinal plant, and to determine the effects of some stress and elicitor treatments on production of secondary metabolites under in vitro conditions. In seed germination studies, it has been determined that light, dark, stratification, temperature and salt concentration of medium have positive or negative effects on seed germination behavior. ¼ MS/Galzy medium has been determined as the best medium for seedling development. Callus formation has been observed from leaf explants excised from the plants that were collected from their natural habitat. The highest callus induction percentage has been obtained on MS media supplemented with 4 mg/L BA + 0.2 mg/L NAA. Shoot induction has been observed from calli induced on the MS media containing BA alone after subculturing the calli on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L KIN. Directly shoots formation has been observed on leaf explants of H. adenotrichum on MS media containing KIN alone. Direct and indirect shoots of H. adenotrichum that were obtained from in vitro experiments have showed axillary shoot regeneration on MS media containing KIN alone. The highest axillary shoot number per explant has been obtained from MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L KIN. The root formation has occurred from axillary shoots of H. adenotrichum on media containing 0.5 mg/L IAA. Sucrose, polyethylene glycol, chrome, pectin and mannan have been applied to in vitro seedling intended for elicitation of important secondary metabolites of H. adenotrichum. Methanolic extracts of in vitro seedlings exposed various stress and elicitor treatments have been analyzed with HPLC. According to the results of HPLC analysis, pectin for elicitation of hypericins and chrome for elicitation of flavonoids have been determined as the most effective elicitors.Bu çalışmada, endemik ve tıbbi bitki olarak potansiyel önemi olan H. adenotrichum’un in vitro çoğaltımı için uygun bir protokol tanımlanması ve bazı stres ve elisitör uygulamalarının in vitro koşullarda bu bitkinin sekonder metabolitlerinin üretimi üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tohum çimlendirme çalışmalarında çimlenme üzerine ışık, stratifikasyon, sıcaklık ve ortamdaki tuz konsantrasyonunun negatif ya da pozitif etkilere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, fide gelişimi için en iyi ortamın ¼ MS/Galzy ortamı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Doğadan toplanan bitkilerden sağlanan yaprak eksplantlarından kallus oluşumu gözlenmiştir. En yüksek kallus indüksiyon yüzdesi 4 mg/L BA + 0.2 mg/L NAA (%95) içeren MS ortamında elde edilmiştir. BA’nın tek başına kullanıldığı MS besi ortamlarından elde edilen kalluslar, 0.5 mg/L KIN içeren MS besi ortamında alt kültüre alındıklarında sürgün oluşumu gerçekleşmiştir. H. adenotrichum’un yaprak eksplantlarından, KIN’in tek başına kullanıldığı MS besi ortamlarında, direkt sürgün oluşumu gözlenmiştir. In vitro ortamda elde edilmiş direkt ve indirekt sürgünler, KIN’in tek başına kullanıldığı MS besi ortamlarında, aksiller sürgün rejenerasyonu göstermişlerdir. Ayrıca, H. adenotrichum’un aksiller sürgünlerinden 0.5 mg/L IAA içeren makro ½ MS ve makro ¼ MS ortamlarında kök oluşumu gerçekleşmiştir. H. adenotrichum bitkisinin önemli sekonder metabolitlerinin elisitasyonuna yönelik olarak, sukroz, polietilen glikol (PEG) krom (Cr), pektin ve mannan in vitro fidelere uygulanmıştır. In vitro da belirli sürelerde çeşitli stres ve elisitör uygulamalarına maruz bırakılan fidelerin metanolik ekstraktları HPLC ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, hiperisinlerin elisitasyonunda pektin, flavonoidlerin elisitastonunda ise Cr en etkili elisitörler olarak belirlenmiştir

Propagation of Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. (Primulaceae) by using tissue culture techniques

Bu çalışmada endemik bir bitki olan Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. türünün in vitro doku kültürü teknikleri ile çoğaltımı sırasında aşılması gereken süreçler araştırılmıştır. Eksplant olarak, tohumların in vitro çimlendirilmesi ile elde edilen steril fideler ve olgun bitki kısımları kullamlmıştır. Tohumlar ve doğal ortamından toplanan olgun bitki kısımları için öncelikle en uygun sterilizasyon serileri belirlenmiştir. Tohum sterilizasyonunda en uygun yöntemin, % 70'lik etil alkol ile 10 dk. ve ardışık olarak % 4.5Tik sodyum hipoklorit (+ 2 damla Tween-80) ile 25 dk. muamele etmek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yaprak ayası, yaprak sapı ve çiçek sapı eksplantlannm sterilizasyonu için % 70'lik etil alkolde 30 sn, ardışık olarak % 4.5'lik NaOCİ ( + 2 damla Tween 80) 'de 7 dk bekletmenin en uygun yöntem olduğu görülmüştür. Etiole edilmiş yaprak saplarının sterilizasyonu için ise 5 dakikalık NaOCİ uygulamasının yeterli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tuber (kabuğu soyulmuş) ve kök eksplantlannm sterilizasyonu için en uygun yöntemin % 70Tik etil alkol ile 5 dk. ve ardışık olarak % 4.5'lik sodyum hipoklorit (+ 2 damla Tween-80) ile 15 dk muamele etmek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Meyva sterilizasyonu için en uygun yöntemin, % 70'lik etil alkol ile 5 dk. ve % 4.5'lik sodyum hipoklorit (+2 damla Tween-80) ile 20 dk muamele etmek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Steril edilen tohumlar ve olgun bitki kısımları farklı tip ve konsantrasyonlarda bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri içeren çeşitli ortamlara aktarılarak, in vitro doku kültürü tekniklerine vereceği cevaplar araştırılmıştır. C. mirabile 'nin tohumlarının çimlenmesi için Vı MS ortamının en uygun ortam olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu ortamda 8. hafta sonunda maksimum çimlenme yüzdesi yaklaşık % 53 olarak belirlenmiştir. Steril fidelerden alınan yaprak sapı eksplantlanmn kullanıldığı denemelerde sadece, 22 ± 1 °C'de karanlıkta 8 hafta süre ile 2 mg/1 NAA içeren î4 MS ortamına kültüre edilen eksplantlardan kalkışlar elde edilmiştir. Inkübasyondan 5 hafta sonra oluşmaya başlayan kallusların oluşum oram % 25'dir. Ancak oluşan kalkışların, yaklaşık 5 hafta sonra karararak gelişimlerinin durdukları gözlenmiştir. Steril fidelerden alman ve pasta dilimi şeklinde 4 çeyreğe ayrılarak organogenezis ve somatik embriyogenezis için farklı ortamlara aktarılan tuber -78 eksplantlanndan, 0.1 mg/1 IAA + 0.5 mg/1 Kin ve 0.5 mg/1 NAA + 0.5 mg/1 Kin içeren BN ortamlannda tek sürgünler elde edilmiştir. Sürgün oluşturan tuber eksplantlarının oranı % 12.5'dir. Sürgün çoğaltanını teşvik etmek için steril fidelerden elde edilen tuberler, kesim ile meydana gelebilecek risklerden kaçınmak için parçalanmadan, tam olarak ve apikal sürgünleri uzaklaştırılarak çeşitli ortamlara aktarılmıştır. Temel ortam olarak Vz MS ortamının kullanıldığı denemelerde 1 mg/1 BA içeren ortama aktarılan tuberler için eksplant basma düşen ortalama sürgün sayısı 9.6'dır (sürgün/eksplant). BA miktarının artması eksplant basma düşen sürgün sayısında bir azalmaya sebep olmuştur. BA'mn NAA ile birlikte kullanıldığı durumlarda, NAA'nın eksplant basma sürgün sayışım arttırdığı gözlenmiştir. En yüksek sürgün sayısı (12.2 sürgün/eksplant) 1 mg/1 BA + 0.1 mg/1 NAA içeren ortamda elde edilmiştir. Artan B A miktarına karşın sürgün sayısının azaldığı görülmüştür. Sürgün çoğaltanının teşvik edildiği ortamlarda mikrotuber benzeri yapılar da oluşmuştur. BA'mn tek basma kullanıldığı durumlarda, mikrotuber benzeri yapıların en yüksek oranda 2 mg/1 BA içeren ortamda olduğu gözlenmiştir (5.2 mikrotuber/ tuber). 2 mg/1 BA'mn altındaki ve üstündeki konsantrasyonlarda, eksplant başına düşen mikrotuber sayısmda bir azalma görülmüştür. Mikrotuber benzeri yapıların oluşumu, ortamlara NAA ilavesi ile artış göstermiştir. Eksplant basma ortalama en yüksek mikrotuber sayısı 2 mg/1 BA ve 0.1 mg/1 NAA içeren ortamlarda elde edilmiştir (6 mikrotuber / tuber). Ayrıca Vz MS ortamında çimlenen tohumlardan oluşan bazı fidelerin köklerinin uç kısmında mikrotuberlere benzeyen kahverengi dairesel yapılar gelişmiştir. Olgun bitkilerden alınan yaprak sapı eksplantlanndan sadece, 22 ± 1 °C'de karanlıkta 8 hafta süre ile 2.2 mg/1 TDZ + 0.1 mg/1 NAA içeren V2 MS ortamında kültüre edilenlerde kalluslar elde edilmiştir. İnkübasyondan 4 hafta sonra oluşmaya başlayan kalkışların oluşum oram % 25'dir. Elde edilen kalluslar 4 hafta sonra alt kültür edilmiş fakat alt kültür edildikten 2 hafta sonra karararak ölmüşlerdir. Somatik embriyogenezis, ve organogenezis için farklı tip ve konsantrasyonlarda bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri içeren çeşitli ortamlara aktarılan -79- olgun yaprak ayası, tuber, kök ve övül eksplantlanndan hiçbir sonuç alınamamış ve eksplantlann ortama aktarıldıktan 1-2 gün sonra kahverengileştiği ve öldüğü gözlenmiştir. Olgun bitki kısımlarının kullanıldığı denemelerde kahverengileşmenin fenolik bileşiklerin oksidasyonuna bağlı olarak gerçekleştiği düşünülmüştür. Ancak yaprak ayası, yaprak sapı ve tuberlerinin fenolik bileşikleri kalitatif yöntemlerle tespit edilememiş ve eksplantlar indikatör olarak kullanılabilecek düzeyde herhangi bir kahverengileşme göstermemiştir. Fenolik bileşiklerin tespiti için NaOH'e maruz bırakılan ovüller, bu bileşiğin farklı konsantrasyonlarında farklı derecelerde renk değişimi göstermişlerdir. Olası fenolik oksidasyon nedeniyle cevap alınamamış olgun bitki kısımları (yaprak ayası, yaprak sapı, çiçek sapı, tuber, kök ve övül eksplantlan) bu kez, fenolik bileşiklerin giderilerek oksidasyonun önlenmesi amacı ile ekim yapılmadan önce, askorbik asit, sitrat ve sistem' den hazırlanan antioksidant yıkama solüsyonu ile yıkandıktan sonra kültür ortamlarına aktarılmışlardır. Antioksidant yıkama solüsyonu ile yıkanarak ekimi yapılan eksplantlann, uzun bir süre kahverengileşmediği gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca ekim yapılacak kültür ortamlarına, tek başına sistein (40 mg/1), tek basma askorbik asit (20 mg/1) ve sistein + askorbik asit birlikte ilave edilmiş ve eksplantlar ayrıca bu ortamlara ekilmiştir. Her biri antioksidant özelliklere sahip olan bu bileşiklerin bulunduğu kültür ortamlarında da kahverengileşme uzun bir süre olmamıştır. Ancak bu eksplantlardan da herhangi bir morfogenetik cevap alınamamıştır. Etilenin in vitro morfogenezisde inhibe edici etkisi olduğundan dolayı, etilen biyosentezini inhibe etmek için asetil şahsilik asit kullamlmıştır. Eksplantlar, asetil şahsilik asit (20 ppm ve 40 ppm) içeren ortamlara kültüre edilmiş fakat yine bir sonuç elde edilememiştir.The procedures must be overcome during the stages of propagation of Cyclamen mirabile, an endemic plant by using in vitro tissue culture techniques had been investigated. Sterile seedlings from in vitro germinated seeds and mature plant parts (leaf lamina, petiole, pedicel, tuber, ovule and roots) were used as explants. Appropriate sterilization series were determined for seeds and plant parts which were collected from nature. Treatment with 4.5 % NaOCl plus two drops of Tween 80 for 25 minutes were found as the most appropriate methods for seed sterilization Sinking in 4.5 % NaOCl plus two dropes of Tween 80 for 7 minutes after sinking in ethanol (%70) for 30 sec. were evaluated as the most useful method for sterilization of explants from lamina, petiole and pedicels. In etioled petioles, treatment with NaOCl for 5 min. was found as sufficient for sterilization. In sterilization of tubers (decorticated) and root explants, treatment with 4.5 % NaOCl plus two drops for 15 min. following 70 % ethanol for 5 minutes was determined as the most appropriate method. The most useful method for sterilization of fruits was to treat them with 70 % ethanol for 5 min and 4.5 % NaOCl plus two drops of Tween 80 for 20 min. Sterilized seed and mature plant parts were transferred to media containing plant growth regulators in different types and concentrations to observe then- responses to in vitro tissue culture techniques. XA MS was found as the most useful medium to germinate seeds of C. mirabile. In this medium maximum germination was 53 % at the end of 1 0 week. In the experiments which used petiole explants from sterilized seeds, calli were obtained from only explants which were cultured in V2 MS medium containing 2 mg/1 NAA under 22 ± 1 °C temperature for 8 weeks in dark. Five weeks after incubation, rate of calli formation was 25 % but these calli were brownish and their growth was inhibited after 5 weeks. Soliter shoots were obtained in BN media containing 0.1 mg/1 IAA plus 0.5 mg/1 Kin and 0.5 mg/1 NAA plus 0.5 mg/1 Kin from tuber explants of sterilized seedlings were sliced into 4 equal parts which all were transferred to different media to observe organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. -81 To promote shoot proliferation, tubers from sterile shoots were transferred to different media without slicing to avoid possible risks of slicing. In the experiment that Vz MS was basal medium, averaged shoot number was 9.6 per explant for tubers, transferred to medium containing 1 mg/1 BA (shoot/explant). Increased BA concentration caused a decrease in shoot number per explant. It is observed that NAA increased shoot number per explant when it is used with BA. The highest number of shoots (12.2 shoot/explant) was obtained in medium containing 1 mg/1 BA + 0. 1 mg/1 NAA. Increasing amount of BA decreased shoot number per explant. Tuber-like structures were formed in the media which promoting shoot proliferation. In the cases which BA were used solely, microtuber-like structures were formed in the highest rate in medium containing 2 mg/1 BA (5.2 microtuber/tuber). At lower and higher consentration of BA, microtuber formation per explant were decreased. Formation of microtuber like structures were increased by adding NAA to the media. The highest number of microtuber per explant was obtained in the medium containing 2 mg/1 BA and 0.1 mg/1 NAA (6 microtuber/tuber). Additionally, microtuber-like brownish, circular structures were observed in the medium containing Vz MS. Only callus formation obtained in petiole explants from mature plants when they were cultured in medium Vz MS containing 2.2 mg/1 TDZ + 0.1 mg/1 NAA for 8 weeks under 22 ± 1 °C temperature. Callus formation rate was 25 % after 4 weeks of incubation. These calli were subcultured after 4 weeks and became brownish and then died after 2 weeks of subculturing. There was no result from explants of lamina, tuber, pedicel, root and ovule which were transferred to media containing different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis. All these explants became brownish and then died after 1-2 days. In the experiment which mature plant parts were used, it was thought that brownish color was an event depending upon oxidation of free radicals. Unfortunately, phenolic compounds of lamina, petiole, pedicel and tubers could not determinated by qualitative methods and no explants showed brownish color which could be used as indicator. Ovules exposured NaOH treatment to detect phenolic 82- compound showed different colour changes depending on transferring to different concentrations of NaOH. Mature plant parts (lamina, petiol, pedicel, tuber, root and ovule) having no response probably as a result of phenolic oxidation were washed with an antioxidant containing ascorbic acid, citrate and cystein before transferring to prevent the oxidasyon by removing phenolic compounds and then they were transferred to culture media. It is observed that these explants which were washed with antioxidant solution protected their orginal colour without brownish dying for a long time. Additionally, cysteine, ascorbic acid and cysteine + ascorbic acid were added to media and some of explants were cultured in these media. Brown colour formation were not observed during relatively long time in the media containing these antioxidant compounds but no morphogenetic response from these explants in the media were obtained. Acetyl salycilic acid were used to block ethylene biosynthesis because of inhibitory effect of ethylene in vitro morphogenesis. Additional explants were also cultured in media containing acetyl salycilic acid but no response had been obtained

Fabrication of vacuum-sealed capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers with through-glass-via interconnects using anodic bonding

WOS: 000397049500023This paper presents a novel fabrication method for vacuum-sealed capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays that are amenable to 3D integration. This paper demonstrates that MEMS structures can be directly built on a glass substrate with preformed through-glass-via (TGV) interconnects. The key feature of this new approach is the combination of copper through-glass interconnects with a vibrating silicon-plate structure suspended over a vacuum-sealed cavity by using anodic bonding. This method simplifies the overall fabrication process for CMUTs with through-wafer interconnects by eliminating the need for an insulating lining for vias or isolation trenches that are often employed for implementing through-wafer interconnects in silicon. Anodic bonding is a low-temperature bonding technique that tolerates high surface roughness. Fabrication of CMUTs on a glass substrate and use of copper-filled vias as interconnects reduce the parasitic interconnect capacitance and resistance, and improve device performance and reliability. A 16x16-element 2D CMUT array has been successfully fabricated. The fabricated device performs as the finite-element and equivalent circuit models predict. A TGV interconnect shows a 2-Omega parasitic resistance and a 20-fF shunt parasitic capacitance for 250-mu m via pitch. A critical achievement presented in this paper is the sealing of the CMUT cavities in vacuum using a PECVD silicon nitride layer. By mechanically isolating the via structure from the active cells, vacuum sealing can be ensured even when hermetic sealing of the via is compromised. Vacuum sealing is confirmed by measuring the deflection of the edge-clamped thin plate of a CMUT cell under atmospheric pressure. The resonance frequency of an 8-cell 2D array element with 78-mu m diameter circular cells and a 1.5-mu m plate thickness is measured as 3.32 MHz at 15-V dc voltage (80% Vpull-in).National Science Foundation, National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI) [ECCS-1542015]; State of North Carolina; National Science Foundation [ECCS-1542015]The authors would like to thank Tim Mobley and John Maki from Triton Microtechnologies for helping with the fabrication of TGV substrates. The device fabrication was performed in part at the NCSU Nanofabrication Facility (NNF), a member of the North Carolina Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network (RTNN), which is supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant ECCS-1542015) as part of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI). The device characterization was performed in part at the Analytical Instrumentation Facility (AIF) at North Carolina State University, which is supported by the State of North Carolina and the National Science Foundation (award number ECCS-1542015). The AIF is a member of the North Carolina Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network (RTNN), a site in the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI)

A three-mask process for fabricating vacuum-sealed capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers using anodic bonding

WOS: 000354455100017PubMed ID: 25965687This paper introduces a simplified fabrication method for vacuum-sealed capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays using anodic bonding. Anodic bonding provides the established advantages of wafer-bonding-based CMUT fabrication processes, including process simplicity, control over plate thickness and properties, high fill factor, and ability to implement large vibrating cells. In addition to these, compared with fusion bonding, anodic bonding can be performed at lower processing temperatures, i.e., 350 degrees C as opposed to 1100 degrees C; surface roughness requirement for anodic bonding is more than 10 times more relaxed, i.e., 5-nm root-mean-square (RMS) roughness as opposed to 0.5 nm for fusion bonding; anodic bonding can be performed on smaller contact area and hence improves the fill factor for CMUTs. Although anodic bonding has been previously used for CMUT fabrication, a CMUT with a vacuum cavity could not have been achieved, mainly because gas is trapped inside the cavities during anodic bonding. In the approach we present in this paper, the vacuum cavity is achieved by opening a channel in the plate structure to evacuate the trapped gas and subsequently sealing this channel by conformal silicon nitride deposition in the vacuum environment. The plate structure of the fabricated CMUT consists of the single-crystal silicon device layer of a silicon-on-insulator wafer and a thin silicon nitride insulation layer. The presented fabrication approach employs only three photolithographic steps and combines the advantages of anodic bonding with the advantages of a patterned metal bottom electrode on an insulating substrate, specifically low parasitic series resistance and low parasitic shunt capacitance. In this paper, the developed fabrication scheme is described in detail, including process recipes. The fabricated transducers are characterized using electrical input impedance measurements in air and hydrophone measurements in immersion. A representative design is used to demonstrate immersion operation in conventional, collapse-snapback, and collapse modes. In collapse-mode operation, an output pressure of 1.67 MPapp is shown at 7 MHz on the surface of the transducer for 60-V-pp, 3-cycle sinusoidal excitation at 30-V dc bias.Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [D13AP00043]; National Science Foundation [1160483]; National Institutes of Health [HL117740]This work was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract D13AP00043, by the National Science Foundation under grant 1160483, and by the National Institutes of Health under grant HL117740

A MEMS T/R switch embedded in CMUT structure for ultrasound imaging frontends

This paper describes a novel MEMS transmit/ receive (T/R) switch that could be embedded in the general structure of a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT). A MEMS switch and a CMUT element were fabricated side by side using an anodic-bonding-based fabrication process. The plates of the CMUT and the membrane-type switch were formed at the same step by anodic bonding. A single switch was tested in air for preliminary characterization. Vacuum-sealing of the switch cell was confirmed by an atmospheric deflection measurement. The switch was then biased at 59-V DC voltage and turned on and off by applying a 1-kHz, 5-Vpp square wave to the control terminal while a 1-MHz, 300-mVpp sinusoidal signal was applied at the RF input. The signal measured at the RF output demonstrates the basic switching behavior with a switch series resistance of 124 ?. This work is important for the ultrasound imaging system efficiency and could significantly ease the high-voltage requirements of frontend circuits.National Institutes of Health: EB02101

CMUTs on glass with ITO bottom electrodes for improved transparency

In this work, we fabricated capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) on a glass substrate with indium tin oxide (ITO) bottom electrodes for improved transparency. A 2-µm vibrating silicon plate was formed by anodic bonding. The fabrication process requires three masks. The fabricated devices show approximately 300% improvement of optical transmission in the visible to NIR wavelength range (400 nm - 1000 nm) compared to the devices with chromium/gold (Cr/Au) bottom electrodes. The measured static surface profile confirmed that the fabricated devices are vacuum-sealed. The electrical input impedance measurement shows the device has a resonant frequency of 4.75 MHz at 30-V DC voltage. The series resistance of the device is ~1 k?, which is mainly due to the ITO bottom electrode connections. Using a full bottom electrode or using parallel connections to the pads could reduce the resistance. The main hurdle for the transparency at shorter wavelength range is the 2-µm silicon plate. The transfer-matrix model shows the transparency could be improved to -80% across the measured spectrum, if silicon is replaced with a more transparent plate material such as ITO or silicon nitride.IEE

2D CMUT array based ultrasonic micromanipulation platform

In this paper, we designed and simulated a multilayer planar resonator with target frequency of 2.5 MHz which is created over a row/column-addressed 2D CMUT array. We have shown through finite element modeling and simulations that a particle can be trapped and manipulated both in lateral and axial directions inside the fluid channel by activating CMUT elements; And calculated acoustic radiation force acting on a polystyrene particle of 10-µm radius. We fabricated a 32×32-element row/column-addressed 2D CMUT array on a glass substrate using anodic bonding technology. This approach provides a cost effective and easily implementable solution to micro-particle trapping and handling