Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Reproducible Photovoltage of 1.20 V

High photovoltages and power conversion efficiencies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be realized by controlling the undesired nonradiative charge carrier recombination. Here, we introduce a judicious amount of guanidinium iodide into mixed-cation and mixed-halide perovskite films to suppress the parasitic charge carrier recombination, which enabled the fabrication of >20% efficient and operationally stable PSCs yielding reproducible photovoltage as high as 1.20 V. By introducing guanidinium iodide into the perovskite precursor solution, the bandgap of the resulting absorber material changed minimally; however, the nonradiative recombination diminished considerably as revealed by time-resolved photoluminescence and electroluminescence studies. Furthermore, using capacitance-frequency measurements, we were able to correlate the hysteresis features exhibited by the PSCs with interfacial charge accumulation. This study opens up a path to realize new record efficiencies for PSCs based on guanidinium iodide doped perovskite films

Perovskite Solar Cells Yielding Reproducible Photovoltage of 1.20 V

High photovoltages and power conversion efficiencies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be realized by controlling the undesired nonradiative charge carrier recombination. Here, we introduce a judicious amount of guanidinium iodide into mixed-cation and mixed-halide perovskite films to suppress the parasitic charge carrier recombination, which enabled the fabrication of >20% efficient and operationally stable PSCs yielding reproducible photovoltage as high as 1.20 V. By introducing guanidinium iodide into the perovskite precursor solution, the bandgap of the resulting absorber material changed minimally; however, the nonradiative recombination diminished considerably as revealed by time-resolved photoluminescence and electroluminescence studies. Furthermore, using capacitance-frequency measurements, we were able to correlate the hysteresis features exhibited by the PSCs with interfacial charge accumulation. This study opens up a path to realize new record efficiencies for PSCs based on guanidinium iodide doped perovskite films

The Bayesian-Based Area under the Curve of Vancomycin by Using a Single Trough Level: An Evaluation of Accuracy and Discordance at Tertiary Care Hospital in KSA

The AUC0–24 is the most accurate way to track the vancomycin level while the Cmin is not an accurate surrogate. Most hospitals in Saudi Arabia are under-practicing the AUC-guided vancomycin dosing and monitoring. No previous work has been conducted to evaluate such practice in the whole kingdom. The current study objective is to calculate the AUC0–24 using the Bayesian dosing software (PrecisePK), identify the probability of patients who receive the optimum dose of vancomycin, and evaluate the accuracy and precision of the Bayesian platform. This retrospective study was conducted at King Abdulaziz medical city, Jeddah. All adult patients treated with vancomycin were included. Pediatric patients, critically ill patients requiring ICU admission, patients with acute renal failure or undergoing dialysis, and febrile neutropenic patients were excluded. The AUC0–24 was predicted using the PrecisePK platform based on the Bayesian principle. The two-compartmental model by Rodvold et al. in this platform and patients’ dose data were utilized to calculate the AUC0–24 and trough level. Among 342 patients included in the present study, the mean of the estimated vancomycin AUC0–24 by the posterior model of PrecisePK was 573 ± 199.6 mg, and the model had a bias of 16.8%, whereas the precision was 2.85 mg/L. The target AUC0–24 (400 to 600 mg·h/L) and measured trough (10 to 20 mg/L) were documented in 127 (37.1%) and 185 (54%), respectively. Furthermore, the result demonstrated an increase in odds of AUC0–24 > 600 mg·h/L among trough level 15–20 mg/L group (OR = 13.2, p 0–24 ratio and measured trough concentration may jeopardize patient safety, and implantation of the Bayesian approach as a workable alternative to the traditional trough method should be considered

Altered Pharmacokinetics Parameters of Vancomycin in Patients with Hematological Malignancy with Febrile Neutropenia, a Bayesian Software Estimation

The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin vary significantly between specific groups of patients, such as critically ill patients and patients with hematological malignancy (HM) with febrile neutropenia (FN). Recent evidence suggests that the use of the usual standard dose of antibiotics in patients with FN may not offer adequate exposure due to pharmacokinetic variability (PK). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the effect of FN on AUC0–24 as a key parameter for vancomycin monitoring, as well as to determine which vancomycin PK parameters are affected by the presence of FN using Bayesian software PrecisePK in HM with FN. This study was carried out in King Abdulaziz Medical City. All adult patients who were admitted to the Princess Norah Oncology Center PNOC between 1 January and 2017 and 31 December 2020, hospitalized and received vancomycin with a steady-state trough concentration measured before the fourth dose, were included. During the trial period, 297 patients received vancomycin during their stay at the oncology center, 217 of them meeting the inclusion criteria. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated for the neutropenic and non-FN patients using the precise PK Bayesian platform. The result showed that there was a significant difference (p van, the volume of distribution at a steady-state Vdss, the volume of distribution for peripheral compartment Vdp, half-life for the elimination phase t½β, and the first-order rate constant for the elimination process β in FN compared to non-FN patients. Furthermore, AUC0–24 was lower for FN patients compared to non-FN patients, p 0–24, which may require specific consideration during the treatment initiation

DEPRESSION SCREENING IN THE FAMILY PRACTICE

Introduction: Depression is considered one of the major health issue worldwide. There are many categories such as depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder, and other subsyndromal disorders, are crucial causes of morbidity and mortality and an indirect cause of mortality. It is a worldwide problem that is affecting the United States as well. The prevalence of depression is suggested to be more than ten percent. In US, the twelve month prevalence for depressive disorders is nine percent, and three percent for major depression.1 The data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) suggested that about seven percent of the US population aged 12 and older had moderate or severe depressive.2 The worldwide data show about 350 million people affected by depressive disorders, making it 1 of the top three causes of morbidity as measured by disability-adjusted life-years. 3 The moderate and severe depression is linked to significant consequences on quality of life, especially the social, work, and family life. People with moderate or severe depressive symptoms were seen to be more likely to report difficulties in these aspects of life, in comparison to those with symptoms.2 Depression have financial economic burden, suggested in the United States.4 Depressive disorders in adults begin to increase in prevalence in those ages twenty, and remians to increase into middle age, with females more likely to be affected than males. In the US, people living below the poverty level are more than twice as likely to have moderate or severe depressive symptoms as those with higher incomes. After taking into consideration income, depressive symptom prevalence does not vary significantly across different races or ethnic groups. Depression is common in those who are unmarried, divorced, or widowed, in comparison to those who are married; in those who have suffered traumatic life events; and in those with a family history of depression.2 But, rates of depression continue to be significant even in those without these risk factors. Depression is also associated with increased risk from other comorbid conditions, involving cardiovascular disease.5 Sadly, more than seventy percent of patients who screen positive for depression do not receive management.6Aim of work: In this review, we will discuss, depression screening in the family practice Methodology: We did a systematic search for depression screening in the family practice using PubMed search engine (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Google Scholar search engine (https://scholar.google.com). We only included full articles. The terms used in the search were: Depression, screening, family practice, managementConclusions: Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It usually goes without recognition or effective treatment. Screening has the ability to improve detection of depression. Coupled with a strong system for management that uses collaborative care, screening has the ability to decrease symptoms and improve quality of life and functional status. Despite evidence of efficacy, depression screening continues to be incompletely implemented. Healthcare providers who wish to improve their effectiveness in implementation should apply a standard office approach to screening and diagnostic confirmation, followed by shared decision-making about treatment options. Providers also should develop a standard approach for follow-up to ensure treatment effectiveness. The most efficient approaches involve a multidisciplinary team, and use both inpatient and outpatient care. Key words: Depression, screening, family practice, managemen