PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILE

Studies on new fuel-saving technologies have been popular in recent years because of decreasing global crude oil supplies and growing environmental concerns. The price of crude oil, according to the Department of Energy (2007), is over 400% higher than ten years ago (Figure 1.1) and is likely to continue to surge in the future because of shrinking oil supplies. To reduce oil consumption byground vehicles, the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) was enacted by the US Congress in 1975. The CAFE legislation is overseen by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which sets fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks (trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles) sold in the US and other countries fallow it's rule as suitable change . While the CAFE standards have remained relatively constant for the last twenty years, the discussion of increasing it is significant in the past fifteen years regarding shrinking oil supplies and increasing oil demand

Potential Role of NK Cells in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

NK cells are a major component of the innate immune system and play an important role in the tissue inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NK cells are unique in bearing both stimulatory and inhibitory receptors specific for MHC class I molecules, and their function is regulated by a series of inhibiting or activating signals. The delicate balance between activation and inhibition that decides NK cell final action provides an opportunity for their possible modulatory effect on specific therapeutic settings. Intestinal NK cells are phenotypically distinct from their counterparts in the blood and resemble “helper” NK cells, which have potentially important functions both in promoting antipathogen responses and in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis. NK cell activities have been found to be significantly below normal levels in both remissive and active stages of IBD patients. However, some proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-15, IL-21, and IL-23) could potently induce NK cell activation to secret high levels of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and TNF) and promote the cytolytic activities against the target cells. This paper provides the characteristics of intestinal NK cells and their potential role in the pathogenesis of IBD

Inductively coupled distributed static compensator for power quality analysis of distribution networks

In this research paper, an inductively coupled distributed static compensator (IC-DSTATCOM) for three phase three wire (3P3W) electric power distribution system (EPDS) is proposed. The contraction of power quality (PQ) was marked as a perilous droop mode bump into direct coupled distributed static compensator (DC-DSTATCOM). To regain the PQ, inductive coupling transformer is assisted in conjunction with DC-DSTATCOM. The system equivalent circuit of IC-DSTATCOM is accomplished by take into account of impedance of both transformer and DC-DSTATCOM to reveal the filtering technique. The filtering icos∅ mechanism is performed by following the generalized mathematical approach using MATLAB/Simulink. A case education is reviewed in detail to illustrate the performance of both DC-DSTATCOM and IC-DSTATCOM. The IC-DSTATCOM is amplified healthier as compared to other in terms of harmonics shortening, good power factor, load balancing, and potential regulation. To examine the effectiveness, simulation outputs of the IC-DSTATCOM with different PQ parameter indices are presented by following the benchmark measure of IEEE-2030-7-2017 and IEC-61000-1 system code

Importance of Grassland Management for Carbon Sequestration and to Mitigate Climate Change: A Review

Grasslands, including rangelands, shrub lands, pastureland, and cropland sown with pasture and fodder crops, covered approximately 3.5 billion ha in 2000, representing 26 percent of the world land area and 70 percent of the world agricultural area, and containing about 20 percent of the world’s soil carbon stocks (Ramankutty et al., 2008). All ecosystems- forested ecosystems, agro-ecosystems, grassland, ecosystems etc. take up atmospheric CO2 and mineral nutrients and transform them into organic products In undisturbed ecosystems, the carbon balance tends to be positive: carbon uptake through photosynthesis exceeds losses from respiration, even in mature, old-growth forest ecosystems. Improving cropland and grassland management is key to increasing crop productivity without further degrading soil and water resources. At the same time, sustainable agriculture has the potential to deliver co-benefits in the form of reduced GHG emissions and increased carbon sequestration, therefore contributing to climate change mitigation

Test Pattern Generation Algorithm Using Structurally Synthesized BDD

Structurally Synthesized Binary DecisionDiagrams (SSBDDs) have an important characteristicproperty of keeping information about circuit’s structure.Boolean difference of a circuit is used to find test pattern forstuck at fault in combinational circuit but the algebraicmanipulation involved in solving Boolean difference is atedious job. In this paper an efficient algorithm is proposed tocompute Boolean difference and test patterns simply usingsearching the paths of SSBDD. This model reduces algebraicmanipulations and takes less time to compute the test pattern

Correlates of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients of a tertiary care teaching hospital of Central India

Background: Although the prevalence of hypertension is high in India, the relationship between micro-albuminuria and target organ damage in hypertension is not well studied. Hence this study aims to study the prevalence of micro-albuminuria in patients of hypertension and its correlation with other cardiovascular risk factors.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in 112 essential hypertension non-diabetic patients presented at a tertiary care hospital of Madhya Pradesh, India who fulfilled inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria during a calendar year. The diagnosis of essential hypertension was made by the study physician after complete medical history, physical examination and routine biochemical analysis of blood and urine. The data was analysed using SPSS version 20 and Mann Whitney U and Chi-square test was used for quantitative and qualitative data respectively.Results: The total number of patients having micro-albuminuria was 26 and the prevalence came out to be 23.21%. The mean age of micro-albuminuric patients was less compared to non-microalbuminuric patients (p<0.05). The systolic, diastolic blood pressure and cholesterol levels were found to be higher but was statistically insignificant whereas body mass index (BMI) and duration of disease was statistically  higher (p<0.05) amongst the cases having micro-albumin in their urine.Conclusions: The prevalence of micro-albuminuria increases with the increase in duration, stages /severity of hypertension. Micro-albuminuria may be considered as a marker of adverse cardiovascular risk profile such as LVH and hyperlipidemia. High BMI, smoking and advanced stages of retinopathy are also the risk factors of micro-albuminuria.

Effect of Intravenous Dexamethasone on the Duration of Analgesia Provided by Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block for Upper Limb Surgery

Background: Pain is associated with increased sympathetic activity leads to tachycardia, elevated blood pressure and myocardial insults so pain control is necessary during the surgery and in the postoperative period. Aim of the study was to study the effect of intravenous dexamethasone on the duration of analgesia provided by supraclavicular block (SCB) for upper limb surgery. Methods: 75 patients, age between 18 to 70 years of either sex, ASA class I and II, who were undergoing upper limb surgery randomized into three groups of 25 patients each by computer generated random number. Group S - 25 patients were given 5ml of normal saline intravenously along with ultrasound-guided SCB with 25ml 0.5% bupivacaine. Group DF - 25 patients were given 4mg intravenous dexamethasone in 5ml normal saline along with ultrasound-guided SCB with 25ml 0.5% bupivacaine. Group DE - 25 patients were given 8mg intravenous dexamethasone in 5ml normal saline along with ultrasound-guided SCB with 25ml 0.5% bupivacaine. Results: The demographic data were comparable in all groups. The VAS score was significantly lower in Group DF and DE compared to Group S at 3,4,6,8,10,12 and 24 hours, with p values < 0.0001 at 3,4,5,6,8,10 and 12 hours and p value 0.0002 at 24 hours. The VAS scores between the groups DF and DE were comparable at 3,4,5,6,8,10,12 and 24 hours without any significant difference. The time for first rescue analgesia was significantly in Group DF and DE compared to Group S (p value <0.0001). There was no significant difference between the groups DF and DE in the time for first rescue analgesia (p value 0.75). Conclusion: We conclude that dexamethasone used intravenously even in lower doses as 4mg along with supraclavicular brachial plexus block effectively increases the duration of analgesia and motor blockade, shortens the onset of sensory and motor blockade, reduces the total analgesic requirement in the first 24 hours after surgery