Measuring and assessing HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination among migrant workers in Zhejiang, China

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to develop a Chinese HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale (C-HSS) and test its reliability and validity among migrant workers in eastern China. Methods Nine hundred sixty four migrant workers completed the C-HSS questionnaire in Zhejiang province. The Split-half reliability coefficient (R) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (a) for internal consistency of the scale were used. Factor analysis was applied for construct validity. Scores of total and subscales were compared among migrants. Correlation between scores and knowledge of HIV/AIDS was analyzed. Results The 24-items scale and the four subscales of C-HSS had good internal consistency (R overall was 0.877, subscales ranged from 0.693 to 0.862; Cronbach’s alpha overall was 0.845, subscales ranged from 0.709 to 0.810). Correlation coefficients between each domain and total score were significant (p < 0.01). The cumulative contribution rate was 54.17 % by five public factors based on exploratory factor analysis. Except for the thirteenth item and twentieth item, four public factors were in accordance with the basic conceived concept. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit to the data for the four-domain structure. Negative correlation existed between the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge and stigma. Conclusion The results suggest that the C-HSS is a reliable and valid measure for HIV/AIDS stigma in migrant workers

Schwarzschild-de Sitter Metric and Inertial Beltrami Coordinates

Under consideration of coordinate conditions, we get the Schwarzschild-Beltrami-de Sitter (S-BdS) metric solution of the Einstein field equations with a cosmological constant $\Lambda$. A brief review to the de Sitter invariant special relativity (dS-SR), and de Sitter general relativity (dS-GR, or GR with a $\Lambda$) is presented. The Beltrami metric $B_{\mu\nu}$ provides inertial reference frame for the dS-spacetime. By examining the Schwarzschild-de Sitter (S-dS) metric $g_{\mu\nu}^{(M)}$ existed in literatures since 1918, we find that the existed S-dS metric $g_{\mu\nu}^{(M)}$ describes some mixing effects of gravity and inertial-force, instead of a pure gravity effect arisen from "solar mass" $M$ in dS-GR. In this paper, we solve the vacuum Einstein equation of dS-GR, with the requirement of gravity-free metric $g_{\mu\nu}^{(M)}|_{M\rightarrow 0}=B_{\mu\nu}$. In this way we find S-BdS solution of dS-GR, written in inertial Beltrami coordinates. This is a new form of S-dS metric. Its physical meaning and possible applications are discussed.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figur