Data_Sheet_1_Genome-wide analysis of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases gene family in Forsythia suspensa: Expression profile and cold and drought stress responses.docx

Forsythia suspensa is a famous ornamental and medicinal plant in Oleaceae. CCD family is involved in the synthesis of pigments, volatiles, strigolactones, and abscisic acid (ABA) in plants. In this study, the CCD family in F. suspensa was analyzed at the genome level. A total of 16 members of the CCD family were identified, which included 11 members of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD) subfamily and 5 members of the 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCED) subfamily. The expression analysis of different tissues demonstrated that three FsCCD1 genes might be involved in the synthesis of pigments and volatiles in flowers and fruits. Three CCD4 genes were effectively expressed in flowers, while only FsCCD4-3 was effectively expressed in fruits. Comparison of CCD4 between Osmanthus fragrans and F. suspensa showed that the structure of FsCCD4-1 is was comparable that of OfCCD4-1 protein, indicating that the protein might be performing, especially in catalyzing the synthesis of β-ionone. However, further comparison of the upstream promoter regions showed that the proteins have major differences in the composition of cis-elements, which might be responsible for differences in β-ionone content. On the other hand, four NCED genes were significantly up-regulated under cold stress while two were up-regulated in drought stress. The data showed that these genes might be involved in the synthesis of ABA. Taken together, our data improves understanding of the CCD family and provides key candidate genes associated with cold and drought stresses in F. suspensa.</p

Resuscitation Using Liposomal Vasopressin in an Animal Model of Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock

<div><p>Background</p><p>Current research suggests that administration of vasopressin to patients with uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS) can avoid the detrimental effects associated with aggressive fluid resuscitation. However, vasopressin has a short half-life of 10~35 minutes in <i>in vivo</i> use and precludes its use in the pre-hospital setting. To increase the half-life of vasopressin, we proposed to synthesize liposome-encapsulated vasopressin and test it in a rat model of UHS.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The film hydration method was used to prepare liposomal vasopressin consisting of: Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (20:20:1 mole ratio). 42 rats were subjected to UHS and randomly received 5 different treatments (vasopressin, liposomal vasopressin, lactate ringer (LR), liposome only and sham). Outcome of UHS were measured using 4 common prognostic tests: mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum lactate level, inflammatory profile and pulmonary edema.</p><p>Results</p><p>The dynamic light scattering results confirmed that we had prepared a successful liposomal vasopressin complex. Comparing the serum vasopressin concentration of liposomal vasopressin and vasopressin treated animals by ELISA, we found that the concentration of vasopressin for the liposomal vasopressin treated group is higher at 60 minutes. However, there was no significant difference between the MAP profile of rats treated with vasopressin and liposomal vasopressin in UHS. We also observed that animals treated with liposomal vasopressin performed indifferently to vasopressin treated rats in serum lactate level, inflammatory profile and edema profile. For most of our assays, the liposome only control behaves similarly to LR resuscitation in UHS rats.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We have synthesized a liposomal vasopressin complex that can prolong the serum concentration of vasopressin in a rat model of UHS. Although UHS rats treated with either liposomal vasopressin or vasopressin showed no statistical differences, it would be worthwhile to repeat the experiments with different liposomal compositions.</p></div

Mean arterial pressure for the five treatment groups over time.

<p>Vaso group refers to rats treated with vasopressin. Lipo vaso group refers to rats treated with liposomal vasopressin. LR group refers to rats treated with lactated ringer solution without any drug. Sham group refers to rats not undergoing any treatment. Lipo group refers to rats treated with liposome only.</p

Serum lactate levels for the five treatment groups over time.

<p>Vaso group refers to rats treated with vasopressin. Lipo vaso group refers to rats treated with liposomal vasopressin. LR group refers to rats treated with lactated ringer solution without any drug. Sham group refers to rats not undergoing any treatment. Lipo group refers to rats treated with liposome only.</p

Serum IL-6 (A) and TNF-a (B) level for the different treatment groups.

<p>Vaso group refers to rats treated with vasopressin. Lipo vaso group refers to rats treated with liposomal vasopressin. LR group refers to rats treated with lactated ringer solution without any drug. Sham group refers to rats not undergoing any treatment. Lipo group refers to rats treated with liposome only.</p

Dynamic light scattering of the liposomal vasopressin preparation.

<p>Dynamic light scattering of the liposomal vasopressin preparation.</p

Edema score for the 5 treatment groups.

<p>Vaso group refers to rats treated with vasopressin. Lipo vaso group refers to rats treated with liposomal vasopressin. LR group refers to rats treated with lactated ringer solution without any drug. Sham group refers to rats not undergoing any treatment. Lipo group refers to rats treated with liposome only.</p