Relationship between Human Body Anthropometric Measurements and Basal Metabolic Rate

Through the use of 3D body measurement technology and cardiopulmonary function test equipment, obtaining the body size data and basal metabolic rate of 116 young healthy subjects, this study aims to find the relationship between the size of human body and basal metabolic rate. Factor analysis, univariate analysis, and linear regression analysis were performed on 13 observed items (selected from 152 human data) by SPSS data analysis software. The 13 observed items include the largest abdominal circumference, waist circumference, chest circumference (horizontal), thigh circumference, hip circumference, weight, total shoulder width, neck circumference, height, waist height, high cervical point, hip height, and chest height. The results indicate that girth and height factors are correlated with the predicted basal metabolic rate as well as the measured basal metabolic rate. The predicted basal metabolic rate is significantly correlated with weight, height, hip circumference, and neck circumference. The measured basal metabolic rate is significantly correlated with the neck circumference as well as height

Logicality in Text Translation

Similarities and distinctions in logical structures of the Chinese and English languages are due to different but interrelated logical systems of China and the West. We may well say Logics influences translation and monitors the whole process of translation. In order to make translation more suitable to the target language’s logical system, this paper views from the aspect of logic and discusses some practical and feasible logical translation methods by analyzing examples. The paper puts forward some suggestions on logical text translation. 1) When translating texts showing the three universal laws of Logics, i.e. the law of identity, the law of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle, and the law of space, translators should translate them according to the logical sequence of the source language. Chinese and English are different in leading inferential modes, therefore, translators should reorganize the logical sequence according to the phenomena that Chinese focus on “induction” and English focus on “deduction”. 2) When translating texts showing the law of time and the law of cause and effect, translators should also reorganize the logical sequence according to the target language’s features. Key words: logical law, text, Chinese translation, English translation Résumé: Les similarités et les différences dans les structures logiques des langues chinoise et anglaise sont dues aux systèmes logiques différents mais étroitement liés de la Chine et de l’Occident. On peut dire que la logique influence sur la traduction et dirige le processus entier de la traduction. Afin de rendre la traduction plus adaptable sur le système logique de la langue cible, cet essai discute, en analysant des exemples, des méthodes logiques de traduction pratiques et faisables. Il propose des suggestions sur la traduction logique du texte. 1) Quand la traduction présente les trois lois universelles de la logique : loi d’identité, loi de non-contradiction et loi de millieu exclut, loi d’espace, le traducteur doit traduire les textes suivant l’ordre logique de la langue source. Le chinois et l’anglais sont différents en ce qui concerne le mode d’inférence directeur. Ainsi, le traducteur doit réorganiser l’ordre logique selon le fait que le chinois insiste sur l’induction et l’anglais sur la déduction. 2) Quand la traduction présente la loi de temps et la loi de cause et effet, le traducteur doit réorganiser l’ordre logique d’après les caractère de la langue cible. Mots-Clés: loi logique, texte, traduction chinoise, traduction anglais

Saturated Anionic Phospholipids Enhance Transdermal Transport by Electroporation

AbstractAnionic phospholipids, but not cationic or neutral phospholipids, were found to enhance the transdermal transport of molecules by electroporation. When added as liposomes to the milieus of water-soluble molecules to be delivered through the epidermis of porcine skin by electroporation, these phospholipids enhance, by one to two orders of magnitude, the transdermal flux. Encapsulation of molecules in liposomes is not necessary. Dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS), phosphatidylserine from bovine brain (brain-PS), dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), and dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) were used to test factors affecting the potency of anionic lipid transport enhancers. DMPS with saturated acyl chains was found to be a much more potent transport enhancer than those with unsaturated acyl chains (DOPS and DOPG). There was no headgroup preference. Saturated DMPS was also more effective in delaying resistance recovery after pulsing, and with a greater affinity in the epidermis after pulsing. Using fluorescent carboxyl fluorescein and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Dextrans as test water-soluble molecules for transport, and rhodamine-labeled phospholipids to track anionic phospholipids, we found, by conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy, that transport of water-soluble molecules was localized in local transport spots or regions (LTRs) created by the electroporation pulses. Anionic phospholipids, especially DMPS, were located at the center of the LTRs and spanned the entire thickness of the stratum corneum (SC). The degree of saturation of anionic phospholipids made no difference in the densities of LTRs created. We deduce that, after being driven into the epidermis by negative electric pulses, saturated anionic phospholipids mix and are retained better by the SC lipids. Anionic lipids prefer loose layers or vesicular rather than multilamellar forms, thereby prolonging the structural recovery of SC lipids to the native multilamellar form. In the presence of 1mg/ml DMPS in the transport milieu, the flux of FITC-Dextran-4k was enhanced by 80-fold and reached 175μg/cm2/min. Thus, the use of proper lipid enhancers greatly extends the upper size limit of transportable chemicals. Understanding the mechanism of lipid enhancers enables one to rationally design better enhancers for transdermal drug and vaccine delivery by electroporation