CI expression in early embryos of <i>D. melanogaster</i>.

<p>(A) Embryos derived from uninfected crosses as control. The nuclei are evenly distributed; (B) Embryos derived from CI crosses with DMel <i>w</i>Mel males and DMel T females. Nuclei divisions are asynchronous. Chromatin bridges can be observed. (C) Embryos derived from the crosses of <i>Hira</i>^HR1 males and DMel T females. Nuclei divisions are asynchronous. Chromatin bridges can be observed. Bars, 10 µm.</p

<i>Hira</i> gene expression in adult <i>Drosophila simulans</i> flies.

<p>Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 1-day-old males and 3∼4-day-old females infected with the <i>w</i>Ri and <i>w</i>Au strains of <i>Wolbachia</i> in addition to <i>Wolbachia</i>-uninfected flies (Dsim T). “<b>/</b>” represented the relative value; Bars indicated standard error; “*” indicated significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05), “**” indicated extremely significant difference (<i>P</i><0.01). Abbreviations: Dsim <i>w</i>Ri, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> infected with <i>w</i>Ri; Dsim <i>w</i>Au, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> infected with <i>w</i>Au; Dsim T, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> treated with tetracycline (without <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

<i>D. simulans</i> crosses with different <i>Wolbachia</i> strains and host male ages.

<p>Abbreviations: Dsim <i>w</i>Ri, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> infected with <i>w</i>Ri; Dsim <i>w</i>Au, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> infected with <i>w</i>Au; Dsim T, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> treated with tetracycline (without <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

<i>D. melanogaster</i> crosses with different <i>Wolbachia</i> strains and host male ages.

<p>Females used in this study were all 3∼4 days old; Egg hatch was shown as mean ± standard error;</p><p>**indicates <i>P</i><0.01. The same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0019512#pone-0019512-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p><p>Abbreviations: Dmel <i>w</i>Mel, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> infected with <i>w</i>Mel; Dmel <i>w</i>Au, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> infected with <i>w</i>Au; Dmel T, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> treated with tetracycline (without <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

Asymmetric Zinc Porphyrin Derivative-Sensitized Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven H₂ Production

An asymmetric zinc porphyrin (ZnPy) derivative bearing one benzoic acid and three 3-pyridines as <i>meso</i>-position substituents (zinc-5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tri­(3-pridyl)­porphyrin, ZnMT3PyP) was used to sensitize graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) for visible-light-driven photocatalytic H₂ production. It was found that ZnMT3PyP exhibits more excellent photosensitization and stability on g-C₃N₄ than its counterpart bearing one benzoic acid and three phenyls (zinc-5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphrin, ZnMTPP) under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation even though they have very similar physicochemical properties such as optical absorption capacities and energy band structures. Especially, ZnMT3PyP-Pt/g-C₃N₄ gives an apparent quantum yield (AQY) up to 25.1% at λ = 420 nm light illumination, greater than that (11.6%) of ZnMTPP-Pt/g-C₃N₄. The differences in photosensitization and stability between ZnMT3PyP and ZnMTPP are mainly due to the substitution of 3-pyridine for the phenyls in ZnMTPP, which leads to the electron transfers between ZnMT3PyP and g-C₃N₄ faster than that between ZnMTPP and g-C₃N₄. The present results provide a new insight applying porphyrin derivatives to the photocatalytic H₂ production and open up a new path for further improving the conversion efficiency of solar energy to hydrogen energy through molecular designing

<i>Hira</i> gene expression in adult <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> flies.

<p>Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 1-day-old males and 3∼4-day-old females infected with the <i>w</i>Mel and <i>w</i>Au strains of <i>Wolbachia</i> in addition to <i>Wolbachia</i>-uninfected flies (Dmel T). “<b>/</b>” represented the relative value; bars = standard error; “*” indicated <i>P</i><0.05, “**” indicated <i>P</i><0.01. Abbreviations: Dmel <i>w</i>Mel, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> infected with <i>w</i>Mel; Dmel <i>w</i>Au, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> infected with <i>w</i>Au; Dmel T, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> treated with tetracycline (without <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

Effect of <i>Hira</i>-mutant males (1-day-old) on egg hatch rates and progeny sex ratio.

<p>Egg hatch and the ratio of female to male were shown as average ± standard error;</p><p>*indicates <i>P</i><0.05.</p

<i>Hira</i> gene expression in 1-day and 5-day-old <i>D. simulans</i> males.

<p>Bars indicated standard error; “*” indicated significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

<i>Hira</i> gene expression in 1-day and 5-day-old <i>D. melanogaster</i> males.

<p>Bars indicated standard error; “**” indicated significant difference (<i>P</i><0.01).</p

Mismatch Negativity of Sad Syllables Is Absent in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

<div><p>Background</p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an important and highly prevalent mental disorder characterized by anhedonia and a lack of interest in everyday activities. Additionally, patients with MDD appear to have deficits in various cognitive abilities. Although a number of studies investigating the central auditory processing of low-level sound features in patients with MDD have demonstrated that this population exhibits impairments in automatic processing, the influence of emotional voice processing has yet to be addressed. To explore the automatic processing of emotional prosodies in patients with MDD, we analyzed the ability to detect automatic changes using event-related potentials (ERPs).</p><p>Method</p><p>This study included 18 patients with MDD and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Subjects were instructed to watch a silent movie but to ignore the afferent acoustic emotional prosodies presented to both ears while continuous electroencephalographic activity was synchronously recorded. Prosodies included meaningless syllables, such as “dada” spoken with happy, angry, sad, or neutral tones. The mean amplitudes of the ERPs elicited by emotional stimuli and the peak latency of the emotional differential waveforms were analyzed.</p><p>Results</p><p>The sad MMN was absent in patients with MDD, whereas the happy and angry MMN components were similar across groups. The abnormal sad emotional MMN component was not significantly correlated with the HRSD-17 and HAMA scores, respectively.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The data indicate that patients with MDD are impaired in their ability to automatically process sad prosody, whereas their ability to process happy and angry prosodies remains normal. The dysfunctional sad emotion-related MMN in patients with MDD were not correlated with depression symptoms. The blunted MMN of sad prosodies could be considered a trait of MDD.</p></div