ニホンゴ ノ ドウシ レンタイケイ ヲ シュヨウブ ト スル ドウメイシ ノ フクゴウ ニ ツイテ

自然言語への理論的アプロー

自然言語への理論的アプローチ まえがき

自然言語への理論的アプロー

カテゴリー ベツ ニ カンガエル ダイ1 トウシャ ノ ジョウケン

自然言語への理論的アプロー

ゴ ケイセイ ニ オケル ゴイ イミ ソセイ ノ ヤクワリ

自然言語への理論的アプロー

An integrated expression atlas of miRNAs and their promoters in human and mouse

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs with key roles in cellular regulation. As part of the fifth edition of the Functional Annotation of Mammalian Genome (FANTOM5) project, we created an integrated expression atlas of miRNAs and their promoters by deep-sequencing 492 short RNA (sRNA) libraries, with matching Cap Analysis Gene Expression (CAGE) data, from 396 human and 47 mouse RNA samples. Promoters were identified for 1,357 human and 804 mouse miRNAs and showed strong sequence conservation between species. We also found that primary and mature miRNA expression levels were correlated, allowing us to use the primary miRNA measurements as a proxy for mature miRNA levels in a total of 1,829 human and 1,029 mouse CAGE libraries. We thus provide a broad atlas of miRNA expression and promoters in primary mammalian cells, establishing a foundation for detailed analysis of miRNA expression patterns and transcriptional control regions

TGF-β family signaling in stem cells

BackgroundThe diversity of cell types and tissue types that originate throughout development derives from the differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cells. While the former are pluripotent, and thus can give rise to a full differentiation spectrum, the latter have limited differentiation potential but drive tissue remodeling. Additionally cancer tissues also have a small population of self-renewing cells with stem cell properties. These cancer stem cells may arise through dedifferentiation from non-stem cells in cancer tissues, illustrating their plasticity, and may greatly contribute to the resistance of cancers to chemotherapies.Scope of reviewThe capacity of the different types of stem cells for self-renewal, the establishment and maintenance of their differentiation potential, and the selection of differentiation programs are greatly defined by the interplay of signaling molecules provided by both the stem cells themselves, and their microenvironment, the niche. Here we discuss common and divergent roles of TGF-β family signaling in the regulation of embryonic, reprogrammed pluripotent, somatic, and cancer stem cells.Major conclusionsIncreasing evidence highlights the similarities between responses of normal and cancer stem cells to signaling molecules, provided or activated by their microenvironment. While TGF-β family signaling regulates stemness of normal and cancer stem cells, its effects are diverse and depend on the cell types and physiological state of the cells.General significanceFurther mechanistic studies will provide a better understanding of the roles of TGF-β family signaling in the regulation of stem cells. These basic studies may lead to the development of a new therapeutic or prognostic strategies for the treatment of cancers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells

ニホンゴ ノ フクゴウドウシ ケンキュウ ノ カイコ ト サイコウ

自然言語への理論的アプロー

ニホンゴ フクゴウ メイシ ノ イミ カイシャク メカニズム

自然言語への理論的アプロー

ブブン メイシ ヲ ヒシュヨウブ ト スル フクゴウゴ カラ ミタ ドウシ ユライ フクゴウ メイシ ノ ジョジュツセイ サイコウ

自然言語への理論的アプロー

ケイヨウ シ ヲ キタイ ト スル フクゴウゴ ニ ツイテ ノ イチコウサツ

自然言語への理論的アプロー