The Effect of Tax Knowledge, Application of E-Billing System and Understanding of The Tri Nga Teachings

This study aims to examine the effect of knowledge of taxation, application of the e-billing system, and understanding of the teachings of tri nga (ngerti, ngroso, and nglakoni) on individual taxpayer compliance. This study uses a quantitative approach. The data used is prime data with the method of distributing questionnaires. There are three independent variables in this study, namely (PP) knowledge of taxation, (peB) application of the e-billing system, and (pTN) understanding of the teachings of tri nga (ngerti, ngroso, and nglakoni). The dependent variable (KWP) in this study is individual taxpayer compliance. The population used in this study is an individual taxpayer who is in the area of the Yogyakarta Pratama Tax Service Office. Sampling using convenience sampling in order to obtain a sample of 100 individual taxpayers at KPP Pratama Yogyakarta. Data analysis techniques in this study are descriptive statistics, classical assumption test and multiple linear regression. Data from the questionnaire was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2016 Software and processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 20 program. The results showed that tax knowledge had a positive and significant effect on individual taxpayer compliance as indicated by the tcount value greater than the ttable value, which was (6,7981,984) and the significant value of 0.000 is smaller than the 5% significance level (α=0.05). The implementation of the e-billing system has a positive and significant effect on individual taxpayer compliance, which is equal to (2.1671.984) and a significant value of 0.033. Understanding the teachings of tri nga (ngerti, ngroso, and nglakoni) has a positive and significant effect on individual taxpayer compliance, which is equal to (2.5041.984) and a significant value of 0.01

Human papillomavirus type distribution in women from Asia: A meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution in women with and without cervical neoplasia from Asia and to estimate the potential future impact of an HPV 16/18 prophylactic vaccine in this region. A meta-analysis was conducted including 79 studies using polymerase chain reaction to detect HPV types. A total of 5954, 1653, 958, and 16,803 women with invasive cervical cancer (ICC), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and normal cytology or histology were included, respectively. Type-specific prevalence of HPV types 6, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, and 82 were estimated and stratified by cervical lesion grade. Overall HPV prevalence was 85.9%, 81.0%, 72.9%, and 14.4%, respectively, in women with ICC, HSIL, LSIL, and normal cytology/histology. In ICC, HPV 16 was the predominant type (52.4%), followed by HPV 18, 58, 33, 52, 45, 31, and 35. The estimated HPV 16/18-positive fraction was 66.9%, 40.4%, 26.7%, and 3.3% in women with ICC, HSIL, LSIL, and normal cytology or histology, respectively. In ICC, the estimated HPV 16/18-positive fraction was about 70% in all Asian geographic regions, with the exception of Japan (51.3%). HPV 16/18 vaccines are estimated to provide about 67% protection against ICC in Asia. HPV 58 and 52 were among the five most common types in ICC in eastern and southeastern Asia but not in south central Asia. After HPV 16 and 18, the next most six common HPV types were 58, 33, 52, 45, 31, and 35 that accounted for additional 20% of cervical cancer cases in Asia. For optimal population coverage, these HPV carcinogenic types should be considered for second-generation HPV prophylactic vaccines. © 2007, Copyright the Authors.link_to_subscribed_fulltex