5,679 research outputs found
Low-velocity anisotropic Dirac fermions on the side surface of topological insulators
We report anisotropic Dirac-cone surface bands on a side-surface geometry of
the topological insulator BiSe revealed by first-principles
density-functional calculations. We find that the electron velocity in the
side-surface Dirac cone is anisotropically reduced from that in the
(111)-surface Dirac cone, and the velocity is not in parallel with the wave
vector {\bf k} except for {\bf k} in high-symmetry directions. The size of the
electron spin depends on the direction of {\bf k} due to anisotropic variation
of the noncollinearity of the electron state. Low-energy effective Hamiltonian
is proposed for side-surface Dirac fermions, and its implications are presented
including refractive transport phenomena occurring at the edges of tological
insulators where different surfaces meet.Comment: 4 pages, 2 columns, 4 figure
Preroughening, Diffusion, and Growth of An FCC(111) Surface
Preroughening of close-packed fcc(111) surfaces, found in rare gas solids, is
an interesting, but poorly characterized phase transition. We introduce a
restricted solid-on-solid model, named FCSOS, which describes it. Using mostly
Monte Carlo, we study both statics, including critical behavior and scattering
properties, and dynamics, including surface diffusion and growth. In antiphase
scattering, it is shown that preroughening will generally show up at most as a
dip. Surface growth is predicted to be continuous at preroughening, where
surface self-diffusion should also drop. The physical mechanism leading to
preroughening on rare gas surfaces is analysed, and identified in the step-step
elastic repulsion.Comment: Revtex + uuencoded figures, to appear in Physical Review Letter
Quantifying surface morphology of manufactured activated carbon and the waste coffee grounds using the Getis-Ord-Gi* statistic and Ripley’s K function
Activated carbon can be manufactured from waste coffee grounds via physical and/or chemical activation processes. However, challenges remain to quantify the differences in surface morphology between manufactured activated carbon granules and the waste coffee grounds. This paper presents a novel quantitative method to determine the quality of the physical and chemical activation processes performed in the presence of intensity inhomogeneity and identify surface characteristics of manufactured activated carbon granules and the waste coffee grounds. The spatial density was calculated by the Getis-Ord-Gi* statistic in scanning electron microscopy images. The spatial characteristics were determined by analyzing Ripley’s K function and complete spatial randomness. Results show that the method introduced in this paper is capable of distinguishing between manufactured activated carbon granules and the waste coffee grounds, in terms of surface morphology
Spatial and temporal characterization of a Bessel beam produced using a conical mirror
We experimentally analyze a Bessel beam produced with a conical mirror,
paying particular attention to its superluminal and diffraction-free
properties. We spatially characterized the beam in the radial and on-axis
dimensions, and verified that the central peak does not spread over a
propagation distance of 73 cm. In addition, we measured the superluminal phase
and group velocities of the beam in free space. Both spatial and temporal
measurements show good agreement with the theoretical predictions.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure
Morphology of travel routes and the organization of cities
This is the final version. Available from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability.
All data needed to evaluate the conclusions are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors and are also available at https://github.com/mlee96/inness_research.The city is a complex system that evolves through its inherent social and economic interactions. Mediating the movements of people and resources, urban street networks offer a spatial footprint of these activities. Of particular interest is the interplay between street structure and its functional usage. Here, we study the shape of 472,040 spatiotemporally optimized travel routes in the 92 most populated cities in the world, finding that their collective morphology exhibits a directional bias influenced by the attractive (or repulsive) forces resulting from congestion, accessibility, and travel demand. To capture this, we develop a simple geometric measure, inness, that maps this force field. In particular, cities with common inness patterns cluster together in groups that are correlated with their putative stage of urban development as measured by a series of socio-economic and infrastructural indicators, suggesting a strong connection between urban development, increasing physical connectivity, and diversity of road hierarchies.US Army Research OfficeNational Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICTMinistry of Education of the Republic of Kore
Globular adiponectin, acting via AdipoR1/APPL1, protects H9c2 cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is an important remodeling event contributing to heart failure and adiponectin may mediate cardioprotective effects at least in part via attenuating apoptosis. Here we used hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells to examine the effect of adiponectin and cellular mechanisms of action. We first used TUNEL labeling in combination with laser scanning cytometry to demonstrate that adiponectin prevented H/R-induced DNA fragmentation. The anti-apoptotic effect of adiponectin was also verified via attenuation of H/R-induced phosphatidylserine exposure using annexin V binding. H/R-induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis as assessed by cytochrome c release into cytosol and caspase-3 activation, both of which were attenuated by adiponectin. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that adiponectin enhanced anti-oxidative potential in these cells which led to attenuation of the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by H/R. To further address the mechanism of adiponctins anti-apoptotic effects we used siRNA to efficiently knockdown adiponectin receptor (AdipoR1) expression and found that this attenuated the protective effects of adiponectin on ROS production and caspase 3 activity. Knockdown of APPL1, an important intracellular binding partner for AdipoR, also significantly reduced the ability of adiponectin to prevent H/R-induced ROS generation and caspase 3 activity. In summary, H/R-induced ROS generation and activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway was prevented by adiponectin via AdipoR1/APPL1 signaling and increased anti-oxidant potential. © 2011 Park et al.published_or_final_versio
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