31 research outputs found

    Geographic distribution of HBsAg subtypes in Brazil Distribuição geográfica dos subtipos de antígenos de HBsAg no Brasil

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    HBsAg positive serum samples (896) from five brazilian regions were analysed for HBsAg subtypes. The presence of five different subtypes (ayw2, ayw3, ayw4, adw2 and adw4) was detected. In Northern region subtypes adw4 (41.2%) and adw2 (37.2%) were predominant. In the North East only subtype adw2 was encountered. In Central West, South-East and South, subtypes ayw2, ayw3, adw2 and adw4 were present, with predominance of adw2 in Central West and South East (84.3% and 69.4% respectively) whereas in the South the predominant subtype was ayw3 (41.9%) followed by ayw2 (36.4%). Subtypes ayw1, ayr and adr were not found among the samples studied. These results show the difference in the incidence of HBsAg subtypes in the different regions of Brazil and their significance in relation to the colonization and migrations in this country.<br>Foram analisadas 896 amostras de soros HBsAg positivos de cinco regiões brasileiras. A presença de cinco diferentes subtipos (ayw2, ayw3, ayw4, adw2 e adw4) foi determinada. Na região Norte, os subtipos adw4 (41,2%) e adw2 (37,2%) foram predominantes. No Nordeste somente o subtipo adw2 foi encontrado. No centro Oeste, Sudeste e Sul os subtipos ayw2, ayw3, adw4 estão presentes, com predominância do adw2 no Centro Oeste e Sudeste (84,3% e 69,4% respectivamente), enquanto que no Sul o subtipo predominante foi ayw3 (41,9%) seguido pelo ayw2 (36,4%). Os subtipos ayw1 e ayr e adr não foram encontrados entre amostras estudadas. Estes resultados mostram a diferença na incidência dos subtipos do HBsAg em diferentes regiões do Brasil e seu significado em relação à colonização e migrações neste país

    Short Communication - Identification of hepatitis C virus subtype 2c by sequencing analysis in patients from Córdoba, Argentina

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    In Argentina, most information on hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution comes from studies carried out in Buenos Aires (east province). In order to identify HCV subtypes in central Argentina, nucleotide sequencing of core region was performed in samples from 36 patients living in Córdoba, the second most populated province of Argentina. The sequence analysis identified subtype 2c as the most prevalent (50%), followed by subtype 1b (33%) and to a lesser extent by subtypes 1a (11%), 3a (3%) and 4a (3%). This is the first report of circulation of HCV subtype 2c in this region of Argentina and also such high prevalence has never been found before in the genotype distribution of South America

    Identification of hepatitis C virus subtype 2c by sequencing analysis in patients from Córdoba, Argentina

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    In Argentina, most information on hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution comes from studies carried out in Buenos Aires (east province). In order to identify HCV subtypes in central Argentina, nucleotide sequencing of core region was performed in samples from 36 patients living in Córdoba, the second most populated province of Argentina. The sequence analysis identified subtype 2c as the most prevalent (50%), followed by subtype 1b (33%) and to a lesser extent by subtypes 1a (11%), 3a (3%) and 4a (3%). This is the first report of circulation of HCV subtype 2c in this region of Argentina and also such high prevalence has never been found before in the genotype distribution of South America

    Two competitive enzyme immunoassays for the detection of IgG class antibodies to hepatitis a antigen

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    Two competitive enzyme immunoassays (EIA) techniques were developed: in the first (COMP-1), test sera were added together with HAV antigen on anti-HAV IgG-coated wells followed by an anti-HA VHRP conjugate; in the second (COMP-2), test sera and anti-HA VHRP conjugate competed for HAV epitopes previously adsorbed to anti-HA V IgG-coated wells. Both procedures used tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate. Both competitive tests were shown to be reproducible and suitable for routine diagnosis and research purposes.<br>Foram desenvolvidos dois ensaios imunoenzimáticos (EIA) competitivos: no primeiro (COMP-1) colocou-se numa placa sensibilizada com anti-HAVIgG as amostras teste juntamente como antígeno HA Vea seguir o conjugado anti-HA VHRP; no segundo (COMP-2), as amostras teste e o conjugado anti-HAV HRP competem pelos epitopos do antígeno HAV previamente absorvido na placa sensibilizada do anti-HAV IgG. O substrato utilizado foi tetrametilbenzidina (TMB). Ambas as técnicas mostraram ser produtíveis e aplicáveis para fins de diagnóstico e pesquisa

    RESEARCH NOTE - Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes among Blood Donors from Different Regions of Brazil

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    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered to be the major agent of viral hepatitis, resulting in chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Eleven HCV types, including at least 80 subtypes, have already been described and shown to have different geographical distribution. Several reports have suggested that HCV genotypes have distinct clinical outcomes with regard to disease severity and response to alfa-interferon. Differences in serological reactivity between HCV genotypes have also been reported. In addition, vaccines against multiples HCV genotypes will be necessary and, therefore, mapping the distribution of viral genotypes is warranted. However, little is known about the genotypic analysis of HCV in Latin America. In Brazil, previous studies were carried out in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (southeastern region), and Porto Alegre (south region). Given the large size of the country, its mixture of cultures and races, the diversity in climatological regions and social conditions, and the limited amount of data concerning HCV genotypes in other Brazilian regions, we decided to investigate the distribution of HCV types and subtypes in blood donors from three different geographical regions of Brazil

    Reflexões éticas acerca dos estudos de soroprevelência de hepatites virais Ethical issues about seroprevalence studies on viral hepatitis

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    INTRODUÇÃO: A aplicação de novas tecnologias em pesquisas epidemiológicas sobre hepatites virais (HV) exige discussões éticas sobre inquéritos domiciliares de soroprevalência (IDS), estudos sentinelas (ES) e de registros de bancos de sangue (ERBS) e amostras de sorotecas (EAS). MÉTODOS: Discutem-se fatores de força (FF) e fragilidade (FR) destas abordagens, argumentos/justificativas para sua utilização e alternativas, segundo os princípios éticos da Resolução CNS nº 196/96. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: As pesquisas sobre HV justificam-se por sua magnitude, gravidade, vulnerabilidade e necessidade de subsidiar protocolos diagnósticos/terapêuticos e estratégias de prevenção/controle. Em relação aos IDS, discutimos quanto a FF: autonomia do sujeito; representatividade amostral adequada; e FR: custo maior que benefícios; possibilidade de obter a informação por outros meios. Para os ES, FF: monitoramento das HV com custo operacional inferior ao dos IDS; ausência de danos adicionais ao sujeito; e FR: limitação relativa de representatividade. Para os ERBS, FF: monitoramento do VHB/VHC em doadores de sangue com baixo custo, sem risco adicional; e FR: limitação de representatividade. Quanto aos EAS, FF: preponderância de benefícios sobre riscos/custos; possibilidade de desvendar agravos desconhecidos e de oferecer diagnóstico precoce e tratamento; FR: material biológico e dados de uma pesquisa podem ser utilizados em outras. CONCLUSÃO: Estas discussões contribuem para embasar processos éticos, orientar a escolha do tipo de estudo epidemiológico e construir novos conceitos sobre estes temas.<br>BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies on viral hepatitis (VH) using new technologies raise ethical issues especially concerning community-based studies on seroprevalence (CSS), sentinel surveillance-based studies (SBS) the use of blood-bank registers (BBR) and serum stocks (SS). METHODS: Positive (PA) and negative (NA) aspects of these different designs are discussed, pointing to alternatives, according to Resolution CNS nº 196/96. RESULTS: Priority for research is justified by VH magnitude, severity, and vulnerability, and need for development of diagnosis/therapy protocols and prevention/control strategies. With respect to CSS, PA was identified as: subject autonomy; adequate samples and as NA: costs override benefits, and availability of information from other sources. In relation to SBS, PA are: VH monitoring has lower operational costs than CSS; absence of additional injuries to subject; while NA is: relative restriction of representativeness. For BBR, PA is: the low cost of monitoring of HBV/HCV in blood donors and with no additional risk. PA has limited representativeness. SS studies present as PA: benefits higher than risks/costs; possibility of identification of new morbidity and offering of adequate diagnosis and treatment. NA is: biological material and research data can be used for other researches. CONCLUSION: The choice of study designs must take into account arguments for ethical investigation and consensus on the use of new technology

    Prevalência elevada de hepatite C no distrito de Botafogo, cidade de Bebedouro, interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2007

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    O objetivo deste artigo foi estimar a prevalência de hepatite C nos moradores de Botafogo, distrito de Bebedouro, São Paulo, Brasil, e estudar possíveis fatores associados. Em cada domicílio foi sorteado um indivíduo com idade mínima de 18 anos, submetido a um questionário que levantava variáveis sócio-demográficas e fatores associados à infecção por hepatite C. Ao mesmo tempo, foi coletada uma amostra de sangue para realização de exames imunoenzimáticos. As amostras positivas ao anti-HCV foram submetidas à detecção do RNA viral. A prevalência de hepatite C encontrada foi 8,8% (IC95%: 5,8-11,7) e as variáveis preditoras independentes para o risco de infecção foram: sexo masculino, tempo de residência no local superior a trinta anos e uso de medicações parenterais com material não descartável, esterilizado com técnica de fervura. A prevalência elevada de infecção pela hepatite C nessa população relativamente isolada, de características rurais, parece ser resultado de exposições pregressas a injeções com material não adequadamente esterilizado, com algumas evidências apontando para a possibilidade de envolvimento de um antigo farmacêutico prático, que centralizava a aplicação desses produtos e era possivelmente um portador crônico da infecção
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