NaturalFinger: Generating Natural Fingerprint with Generative Adversarial Networks

Deep neural network (DNN) models have become a critical asset of the model owner as training them requires a large amount of resource (i.e. labeled data). Therefore, many fingerprinting schemes have been proposed to safeguard the intellectual property (IP) of the model owner against model extraction and illegal redistribution. However, previous schemes adopt unnatural images as the fingerprint, such as adversarial examples and noisy images, which can be easily perceived and rejected by the adversary. In this paper, we propose NaturalFinger which generates natural fingerprint with generative adversarial networks (GANs). Besides, our proposed NaturalFinger fingerprints the decision difference areas rather than the decision boundary, which is more robust. The application of GAN not only allows us to generate more imperceptible samples, but also enables us to generate unrestricted samples to explore the decision boundary.To demonstrate the effectiveness of our fingerprint approach, we evaluate our approach against four model modification attacks including adversarial training and two model extraction attacks. Experiments show that our approach achieves 0.91 ARUC value on the FingerBench dataset (154 models), exceeding the optimal baseline (MetaV) over 17\%

AI-Generated Images as Data Source: The Dawn of Synthetic Era

The advancement of visual intelligence is intrinsically tethered to the availability of large-scale data. In parallel, generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has unlocked the potential to create synthetic images that closely resemble real-world photographs. This prompts a compelling inquiry: how much visual intelligence could benefit from the advance of generative AI? This paper explores the innovative concept of harnessing these AI-generated images as new data sources, reshaping traditional modeling paradigms in visual intelligence. In contrast to real data, AI-generated data exhibit remarkable advantages, including unmatched abundance and scalability, the rapid generation of vast datasets, and the effortless simulation of edge cases. Built on the success of generative AI models, we examine the potential of their generated data in a range of applications, from training machine learning models to simulating scenarios for computational modeling, testing, and validation. We probe the technological foundations that support this groundbreaking use of generative AI, engaging in an in-depth discussion on the ethical, legal, and practical considerations that accompany this transformative paradigm shift. Through an exhaustive survey of current technologies and applications, this paper presents a comprehensive view of the synthetic era in visual intelligence. A project associated with this paper can be found at https://github.com/mwxely/AIGS .Comment: 20 pages, 11 figure

Influence of D-Amino Acids in Beer on Formation of Uric Acid

Prekomjerna konzumacija piva može dovesti do povećanja koncentracije mokraćne kiseline u serumu, čime se povećava rizik nastanka uričnog artritisa (gihta), što se prethodno dovodilo u vezu s velikim udjelom purina u pivu. Međutim, novija istraživanja pokazuju da konzumacija povrća bogatog purinima i grahorica ne povećava koncentraciju mokraćne kiseline, što opovrgava tu tvrdnju. Još uvijek nije objašnjeno zašto povećana konzumacija piva može povećati rizik nastanka gihta, pa su ispitani drugi uzročnici nakupljanja mokraćne kiseline u krvi. Pivo sadržava relativno velike koncentracije D-aminokiselina koje nastaju racemizacijom L-aminokiselina tijekom prerade hrane. Katalizom pomoću D-aminokiselinske oksidaze iz D-aminokiselina nastaje H2O2, čijom oksidacijom u prisutnosti Fe2+ nastaju hidroksilni radikali. Pritom dolazi do oštećenja DNA i nastanka purinskih baza u većoj količini, iz kojih djelovanjem različitih enzima nastaje mokraćna kiselina. Neki dodaci hrani, kao što su vitamini i ioni joda, potiču nastanak mokraćne kiseline iz D-aminokiselina. D-aminokiseline u pivu imaju ključnu ulogu u povećanju koncentracije mokraćne kiseline. Biološka uloga D-aminokiselina može objasniti pojavu gihta kod osoba koje učestalo konzumiraju pivo.Excessive intake of beer could increase serum uric acid levels, leading to high risk of gout, which was previously attributed to high purine content in beer. Recent reports that purine-rich vegetables and bean products do not cause higher uric acid levels do not support this theory. Why excessive intake of beer could increase a high risk of gout has been unclear. Other factors affecting the accumulation of uric acid in the blood have been explored. Beer contains relatively high levels of D-amino acids due to the racemization of l-amino acids induced by food processing. D-amino acid was catalyzed by D-amino acid oxidase to produce H2O2, which is further oxidized in the presence of Fe2+ to produce hydroxyl radicals, resulting in DNA damage and formation of a large amount of purine bases, which are oxidized to uric acid by a series of enzymes. Some food ingredients, such as vitamins and I–, prompt D-amino acids to form uric acid. D-amino acids in beer are one of the key factors responsible for the increase in uric acid levels. The biological response of D-amino acids could explain gout occurrence in beer drinkers

OutlierReviews

Data and code for manuscript "Why outlier opinions in online reviews offer valuable information: the role of social influence

Polarized Collaboration Benefits Knowledge Production

Code and Data for the paper "Polarized Collaboration Benefits Knowledge Production

CogPat

The dataset and the Python code created for the analyses of "Discontinuous relationship between amounts of knowledge and perceptual patterns

The extraterritorial effects of EU law in the context of green transition : comments on CBAM and the proposed CSDDD

Published: 15 December 2023This article contends that extraterritorial effects feature in recent EU legislation in the domain of Green Transition. As a response to global issues like environmental governance and climate change, the EU has recently introduced a set of unilateral environmental legislation, in which non-economic policies are deeply embedded in external trade rules by harnessing access to the internal market and supply chain to externalise its sustainability standards. Taking the examples of the EU’s Regulation on Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and the proposed Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), we find that these laws seek to address environmental problems in third countries and influence the behaviours of foreign actors. They regulate certain actors within the EU but take related foreign circumstances into account, such as pollution and environmental damages occurring in third countries. The extraterritorial effects of EU law, of which the legal basis is fuelled by the external dimension of the EU’s internal policy and international-rule orientation, rely on a similar mechanism, which consists of three consecutive phases, that is, the Directly Regulated Actors, the Extraterritorial Extension of the Applicable Scope, and the External Objectives. On this basis, this article concludes that this extended-range mechanism can provide insights into how the EU utilises its normative power to address cross-border environmental problems and promote sustainability standards internationally and in third countries, but its actual effectiveness is contingent on the EU’s interaction with third countries. It is suggested that China use this kind of mechanism for reference in developing its own foreign-related legal toolbox. Moreover, the EU’s Green Transition may offer policy potentials for promoting bilateral cooperation between China and the EU in collaboratively combating environmental and climate challenges. However, China should be mindful of the potential negative spill-over effects arising from these unilateral legal tools

The transformation of the Human Rights-based economy in Europe : comments on the proposed corporate sustainability due diligence directive

Published online: 15 December 2022The authors consider that the proposed EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive will facilitate the transformation of the Human Rights-based Economy in Europe from voluntary Corporate Social Responsibility to a mandatory Due Diligence Obligation. The sustainable development of human rights and environment will become an essential element in the operation of market economy. Nonetheless, given that the proposed Directive will unilaterally set a high threshold for market access to trade and supply chains, the authors contend that it will be confronted with the legal challenges of incompatibility with EU law and some of its fundamental principles. Additionally, a regulatory gap may occur in implementing the proposed Directive among the member states. In terms of its external dimension, the proposed Directive embodies the technique of extraterritorial extension of EU law to third countries and foreign entities, which will extend its application to non-EU entities through the spill over effect of the supply chain. Moreover, the proposed Directive expands the jurisdictional basis of the member states’ courts to corporate accountability, which will further trigger jurisdictional conflicts between EU member states and third countries as it intervenes in the judicial sovereignty of the latter on human rights and environment. In conclusion, the authors suggest that the Chinese government take constructive measures to address the extraterritorial extension of the proposed Directive on China and Chinese companies

The New York Convention in China : from a transnational law aspect

China’s adoption of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the ‘New York Convention’) is widely viewed as essential for the development of arbitration in China. The New York Convention entered into effect in China in 1987. This demonstrates China’s dedication to establishing a rule-based and open market, assuring foreign investors in terms of the recognition of enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in China. It also indicates China embracing a market-oriented economy, which contributed to a surge in cross-border transactions and inbound capital flow to China in the late 1980s and 1990s. Adopting the New York Convention in China has strengthened the connection between the Chinese legal system and international law, facilitating the alignment of China’s arbitration legislation with internationally recognised arbitral rules and practices. From a transnational law perspective, this chapter focuses on implementing the New York Convention in Chinese mainland. It seeks to answer the research question: how does China enforce the New York Convention? The first part briefly reviews the development of arbitration in China and traces the process of internalising the content of the New York Convention into Chinese legal system. This chapter also examines the role of Chinese domestic courts in enforcing the New York Convention. Selected domestic cases related to enforcing the New York Convention, particularly in the cross-border legal context, are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a brief appraisal of the recently proposed amendment to China’s Arbitration Law and explores how it features in the New York Convention

Cooperation patterns of members in networks during co-creation

Abstract Cooperation (i.e., co-creation) has become the principal way of carrying out creative activities in modern society. In co-creation, different participants can play two completely different roles based on two different behaviours: some participants are the originators who generate initial contents, while others are the revisors who provide revisions or coordination. In this study, we investigated different participants’ roles (i.e., the originator vs. the revisor) in co-creation and how these roles affected the final cooperation-group outcome. By using cooperation networks to represent cooperative relationships among participants, we found that peripheral members (i.e., those in the periphery of the cooperation networks) and core members (i.e., those in the centre of the cooperation networks) played the roles of originators and revisors, respectively, mainly affecting the quantity versus the quality of their creative outcomes. These results were robust across the three different datasets and the three different indicators defining core and peripheral members. Previous studies have considered cooperation behaviours to be homogeneous, ignoring that different participants may play different roles in co-creation. This study discusses patterns of cooperation among participants based on a model in which different roles in co-creation are considered. Thus, this research advances the understanding of how co-creation occurs in networks