Towards gender mainstreaming trade unions in Japan and Germany: the impact of expanding part-time employment in the 1990s

"In vielen Industriegesellschaften haben sich die Beschäftigungsformen zunehmend diversifiziert durch eine anwachsende Zahl atypischer Beschäftigungsformen, die sowohl Teilzeitarbeit wie Leiharbeit einschließen und mit einer Feminisierung des Beschäftigungssystems einhergehen. Insbesondere seit den 1990er Jahren sehen sich die Gewerkschaften genötigt, auf diesen Wandel zu reagieren. Ansatzpunkt dieses Beitrags sind die aus der Gender-Perspektive wahrgenommenen Veränderungen in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik und den Organisationsstrukturen gewerkschaftlicher Dachverbände in Japan (Rengo) und Deutschland (DGB). Vor dem Hintergrund der verschiedenartigen Systeme industrieller Beziehungen werden die Rekrutierungs- und Gleichbehandlungspolitik beider Gewerkschaftsbünde seit den 1990er Jahren untersucht. Auf der Grundlage dieser Analyse argumentiert der Beitrag, dass die Zukunft der Gewerkschaftsbewegung beider Länder in der Förderung von Gender-Politik, der Verwirklichung der Gleichstellung und der Neuevaluierung des Konzepts der 'Arbeit' sowie der Vereinbarung von Tarifverträgen, mit denen diese Maßnahmen implementiert werden, zu suchen ist." (Autorenreferat)"In many industrialized countries, employment types have increasingly diversified due to a rise in the number of irregular workers, including part-timers and dispatched workers, along with the feminization of employment. Particularly since the 1990s, trade unions have been urged to take necessary measures for this diversification. This paper aims to analyze the transition of trade unions' employment policies and their organizational structure from gender perspectives, focusing on the Japanese Trade Union Confederation (Rengo) in Japan and German Trade Union Federation (DGB) in Germany, and examines the issues of labour movements and their new possibilities. Specifically, considering the differences in the framework of industrial relations in Japan and Germany, the paper analyzes the policies on unionization and equal treatment after the 1990s. On the basis of this analysis, the paper points out that the future of labour movements in Japan and Germany can be sought in further promotion of gender policies, the realization of equal treatment, re-evaluation of the concept of 'labour', and the implementation of collective agreements stipulating all these." (author's abstract

Determinants of Female’s Employment Outcomes in Vietnam

In the context of reducing female labor demand and restructuring female work in integration, determinants of women\u27s employment are studied using data of 2010 VHLSS with 11,085 women aged 15 and older who were working in the Vietnamese labor market. The economic and care needs, values and opportunities of women working are important. At the region-level, economic development and equality will give women opportunities for better work. Women\u27s education and training clearly take a key position. The analysis shows the effect of education and training are strongest and positive for women with employment in the group of Leaders, managers, and administrators; High and Middle-level technicians and professionals”. The finding suggests an effect of household social-economic status on women\u27s employment achievements. Our results stress the importance of education and training as the major road towards women\u27s empowerment in Vietnam

Genome structure of the Lactobacillus temperate phage Φg1e: the whole genome sequence and the putative promoter/repressor system

The complete genome sequence of a Lactobacillus temperate phage Φg1e was established. The double-stranded DNA is composed of 42 259 bp, and encodes for sixty-two possible open reading frames (ORF) as well as several potential regulatory sequences. Based on comparative analysis with other related proteins of the Lactobacillus and Lactococcus phages as well as the Escherichia coli phages (such as lambda), functions were putatively assigned to several Φg1e ORFs: cng and cpg (encoding for repressors), hel (helicase), ntp (NTPase), and several ORFs (e.g., minor capsid proteins). An about 1000-bp DNA region of Φg1e containing cpg and cng was inferred to function as a promoter/repressor system for the Φg1e lysogenic and lytic pathway

Shoulder pain in patients following lung resection

Aim and objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency, influencing factors, and clinical course of shoulder pain in patients following lung resection. Background: Thoracoscopes have been introduced in the surgical treatment of lung cancer, and allow for less invasive surgery with a minimal incision. However, decubitus position-related shoulder pain on the operated side has not yet been investigated. Design: A longitudinal descriptive study. Methods: Patients who underwent lung resection in the decubitus position. Patients were interviewed 2 days before surgery and once daily for 5 days after surgery. Interview items included background data, the concomitant use of epidural anesthesia, operative duration, presence of preoperative shoulder stiffness (excluding shoulder pain), type of surgery, and site of operation. The intensity of pain was approximately 5 on an 11-point numerical rating scale. Descriptive statistics on patient backgrounds were obtained using SPSS Statistics 22 for Windows. Results: Of the 74 patients who underwent lung resection in a decubitus position, 30(40.5%) developed shoulder pain on the operated side. The highest rating occurred 1 day after surgery and decreased over time. The following two factors were found to influence shoulder pain on the operated side: operative duration(Z=-2·63;p=0·01), and presence of preoperative shoulder stiffness(excluding shoulder pain)(χ2＝4·16;p=0·04). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that approximately 40% of patients who underwent lung resection in the decubitus position developed shoulder pain. Relevance to clinical practice: The presence of postoperative shoulder pain was related to both the duration of the operation and to the presence of preoperative shoulder stiffness. Although the shoulder pain resolves within 4 days, it causes the patient additional discomfort and distress. Therefore, further research is needed on positioning for thoracotomy in order to investigate ways to reduce or eliminate this complication of lung surgery

Effects of students introduced “Operating Room Visits Observation item List” in a Nursing Practicum

周手術期看護を体験的に理解することを目標にした成人看護学実習に「手術室見学実習観察項目表」（以下観察項目表とする）を導入して３年になる．この観察項目表は，手術室見学実習時の見学の視点を明確にするために，実習指導に携わる看護師（以下指導者とする）と共同作成したもので，体位固定方法など手術室看護に特有な学習視点としてあげた２６項目からなる見学視点ガイドである．学生から研究への使用に同意が得られた観察項目表（学生用）は，２００８年は６２名（回収率：９１％），２００９年は５２名（８４％），２０１０年は５６名（９５％）であった．指導者から研究への使用に同意が得られた観察項目表（指導者用）は２００８年は４３名（６３％），２００９年は３５名（５６％），２０１０年は５８名（９８％）であった．これらを分析した結果，２６項目のうち，３年間を通して，学生は１７項目を８０％以上見学できたと答えた．２００８年と２０１０年では［ドレーン挿入］と［出血量の確認］，２００９年と２０１０年では［全身麻酔の導入］と［硬膜外カテーテルの挿入介助］を見学できたと答えた学生の割合が有意に上昇していた（P＜０．０５）．また，指導者が説明できたと回答した割合が有意に高くなっていた項目は，２００８年と２０１０年では９項目，２００９年と２０１０年では１９項目であった．今回の結果から学生が見学できていた項目の割合は３年間で差がない項目がほとんどであったが，指導者が指導できたとする項目は増加していた．また２００９年以降観察項目表の導入の効果について５段階評価で確認したところ，約９０％の学生が役立ったと回答した．以上のことから，手術室見学実習において，見学する視点を明確にするために「手術室見学実習観察項目表」を導入することは，学生と指導者の双方にとって，手術室見学実習を行う上で見学や指導を行う視点が明確になるため，効果的なツールであるといえる．今後は手術室看護師に分析結果のフィードバックを行い，学生が学習する機会の少ない項目については，ビデオ等の教材などを臨床とともに開発する必要があると考える．This study aimed to clarify the effects of Students Introduced “Operating room visits observation item list” in a Nursing Practicum for three years. As a result of having analyzed these, among ２６ items, there was not the thing which was more than ８０％ in the item where we answered that both of a student and the nurse came by a visit / explanation through three years. However, we answered it that the student was able to observe １７ items more than ８０％. It rose significantly［the drain insertion］and［amount of bleeding］in ２００８ and ２０１０, ［induction of general anesthesia］ and［assistance of epidural catheter by confirmation］ in ２００９ and ２０１０. In addition, the item where a ratio rose was１９items about the explanation of the operating room nurse significantly by nine items, ２００９ and ２０１０ by ２００８ and ２０１０. The ratio of the item which was able to observe the student from this result was three years, and items without a difference were often found, but the items which did it when we was able to teach a nurse increased. When we confirmed the effects of students introduced “Operating room visits observation item list” by ５-point scale, about ９０％ of students answered that the list was useful. It is an effective tool to introduce “an operating room visit observation item list” to make a viewpoint to observe in operating room visits in a nursing practicum both students and leaders. The study findings suggested that we fed back the analysis, and the necessity of we got a clinical cooperation, and developing the educational materials such as videos was suggested in future about few items of the opportunity when a student learned it by an operating room nurse

Visceral fat obesity is the key risk factor for the development of reflux erosive esophagitis in 40–69-years subjects

[Background] Visceral fat obesity can be defined quantitatively by abdominal computed tomography, however, the usefulness of measuring visceral fat area to assess the etiology of gastrointestinal reflux disease has not been fully elucidated. [Methods] A total of 433 healthy subjects aged 40–69 years (234 men, 199 women) were included in the study. The relationship between obesity-related factors (total fat area, visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, waist circumference, and body mass index) and the incidence of reflux erosive esophagitis was investigated. Lifestyle factors and stomach conditions relevant to the onset of erosive esophagitis were also analyzed. [Results] The prevalence of reflux erosive esophagitis was 27.2% (118/433; 106 men, 12 women). Visceral fat area was higher in subjects with erosive esophagitis than in those without (116.6 cm2 vs. 64.9 cm2, respectively). The incidence of erosive esophagitis was higher in subjects with visceral fat obesity (visceral fat area ≥ 100 cm2) than in those without (61.2% vs. 12.8%, respectively). Visceral fat obesity had the highest odds ratio (OR) among obesity-related factors. Multivariate analysis showed that visceral fat area was associated with the incidence of erosive esophagitis (OR = 2.18), indicating that it is an independent risk factor for erosive esophagitis. In addition, daily alcohol intake (OR = 1.54), gastric atrophy open type (OR = 0.29), and never-smoking history (OR = 0.49) were also independently associated with the development of erosive esophagitis. [Conclusions] Visceral fat obesity is the key risk factor for the development of reflux erosive esophagitis in subjects aged 40–69 years

Facial anatomy applied to live models

Introduction: Anatomy is one of the foundations in medicine, and choosing a practical and dynamic teaching method is essential for better retention of your learning. The objective is to use facial anatomy applied to live models as an innovative teaching strategy and to evaluate the experience of the learning experience of students assigned to the method. Method: The work analyzes the experience with body painting of 51 students from Instituto Boggio assigned this method (or instructed to use this method) during their classes. Different planes and anatomical structures were represented on live models’ faces to simulate and teach the main injectable cosmetic procedures; syringes, needles, cannulas, and ultrasound gel stained with food inks were used. Overlapping latex layers were used for the anatomical study of the temple, middle third of the face, and nose, allowing the reproduction of fillers and biostimulators in these regions. The main muscle groups were represented for the discussion of high-precision botulinum toxin. After the entire demonstration, the students answered a questionnaire via “Google Forms” evaluating the methodology used. Results: According to the answers to the questionnaires, most students considered body painting an innovative methodology that contributed to learning anatomical content and satisfactorily illustrating the demonstrated cosmetic procedures. Conclusion: Practical learning through live models makes this new teaching method something innovative and unique that, in an enjoyable way, enables the study of anatomy and appropriately trains clinical skills