Yield, Profitability And Soil Health As Influenced By Long-Term Application Of Biomanures, Biofertilizers And Crop Residues In Organic Rice-Based Cropping Systems

For wider adoption of organic systems in India, the crop production technologies need to be evolved for varied soils and cropping systems. Among other field limitations, inefficient nutrient management results in low yields under organic systems. A 10 years’ field experiment evaluated the effect of two rice-based cropping systems and seven nutrient management practices on yield, economics and soil health under organic management. Rice-wheat-mungbean system recorded significantly higher profits, and 13% and 6% higher grain yields of rice and wheat crops, respectively, over rice-wheat system. Levels of organic carbon, total N, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients increased significantly and substantially due to inclusion of mungbean in rice-wheat cropping system. Application of FYM + crop residue + biofertilizers was most profitable practice in rice-based cropping systems

Production potential of baby corn (Zea mays) on raised bed in waterlogged lowland rice fallow in North East India

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (Kharif) season of 2008-09 and 2009-10 at research farm of ICAR-Research Complex of NEH Region of Umiam, Meghalaya, to study the production potential of baby corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by raised bed height in waterlogged low land area and nitrogen levels. Taller plants with more number of leaves were recorded with 50 cm height of raised bed. The days to harvest initiation and harvest duration were more at 50 cm height of raised bed. The barrenness in baby corn was also comparatively lesser with 50 cm height of raised bed. The maximum baby corn and fodder yield was recorded with 50 cm height of raised bed, which were 11.3 and 10.7% higher than 40 cm height of raised bed. Further, decrease in height of raised bed up to 30 and 20 cm markedly reduced babycorn yield as compared to 50 cm height of raised bed. The nitrogen content and uptake, protein yield, nitrogen use efficiency and economical parameters were also higher at 50 cm height of raised bed. Increasing nitrogen level produced taller plants with more number of leaves. The harvest initiation decreased by 4 days while harvest duration was increased by 4 days with 120 kg N/ha. The barrenness declined with increasing nitrogen levels. The highest baby corn yield, nitrogen uptake and protein yield were recorded with 80 kg N/ha. Increasing nitrogen levels progressively reduced agronomic N use efficiency and physiological efficiency of nitrogen, but apparent recovery increased up to 80 kg N/ha. The gross, net return and benefit: cost ratio were higher with 80 kg N/ha. Therefore, for getting higher yield and net return, the baby corn should be grown at 50 cm height above the moisture level on raised bed and fertilized at the rate of 80 kg N/ha

Effect of dual-purpose summer legumes and zinc fertilization on system productivity, economics and nutrient use-efficiencies of rice (Oryza sativa) – wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system

A field experiment was conducted during 2007-09 at the research farm of IARI, New Delhi, India; to study the effects of dual-purpose summer legumes and zinc fertilization in aromatic hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)– wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The higher system productivity, N and Zn uptake, nutrient-use efficiencies, net return and B:C ratio were recorded in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] or mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) residue incorporated plots. The N balance was negative (-) in all treatments but it was least negative (-) in cowpea among summer treatments followed by mungbean. The highest N and Zn uptake, system productivity in terms of grain yield, i.e. 12.32 and 12.71 tonnes/ha was observed with application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O). Among the Zn fertilization treatments the lowest negative (-) balance of N was recorded with control (only N), i.e. -36.92 kg/ha in 2007-08 however in 2008-09 it was recorded with coating material coated urea, i.e. -39.54 kg N/ha over rest of the Zn treatments. The application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO) gave the highest (2 696 and 2 601 g/ha during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively) positive Zn balance under rice-wheat cropping system. Partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery and physiological efficiency of applied N and Zn in rice-wheat cropping system were increased with Zn-enriched urea. The agronomic efficiency of N with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) increased by 49.7% and the N recovery efficiency in grain increased up to 57.6% over normal practice of prilled urea application. With the application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) the agronomic efficiency of Zn increased in the range of 54 to 160% while Zn apparent recovery (%) in grain increased from 70 to 318% over 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) and 5.0 kg Zn/ha (ZnO), respectively. The dual-purpose summer legume incorporation in rice-wheat system gave higher net returns by 29 to 34% in 2007-08 and 42 to 45% during 2008-09 over summer fallow with B:C ratio up to 3.01. The application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4.7H2O) gave the highest B:C ratio of 3.02 and increased net returns of aromatic-hybrid rice-wheat system by 11.6 to 12.2% over prilled urea application

POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION FOR DIRECT SEEDED BASMATI RICE

Not AvailableThe effect of potassium (K) application based on 4R stewardship (right rate, time, method, and source) on growth, yield attributes and yields of dry direct seeded basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) was evaluated during rainy (kharif) season of 2015 and 2016 at IARI, New Delhi. Application of recommended dose of K (60 kg/ha), half as basal and remaining half at panicle initiation (PI) stage increased the grain (5.4 t/ha) and straw yields (7.65 t/ha) by 10 and 4% respectively, over applying the full dose as basal. A strong, positive and significant correlation was observed between yield attributes [panicle weight (r2=0.79), panicle length (r2=0.83), fertility % (r2=0.84)] and yield of dry direct seeded basmati rice. Similarly, positive and significant correlation was observed between leaf area index at 60 DAS (r2=0.73) & 90 DAS (r2=0.91) and dry matter production. The two foliar sprays of 2.5% potassium nitrate (1st at active tillering, and 2nd at panicle initiation) increased fertility (83.5%) and grain yield (4.3 t/ha) by 6% and 8% respectively, over control. However, the combined application of foliar sprays and two split application of recommended dose of K showed non-significant effect on growth, yield and yield attributes. Thus, to obtain higher yield in dry direct seeded basmati rice, application of 60 kg/ha, half as basal and remaining half at panicle initiation (PI) is recommended.Not Availabl

Session 4 -Soil and Plant Interactions Effect of Phosphorous and Zinc Fertilisation on the Productivity of Transplanted Aromatic Rice

Abstrac

<b>Judicious use of irrigation and fertilizer in cultivation of rice</b> <b>(</b><b><i>Oryza sativa</i></b><b>) for better environment in changing scenario</b>

117-123 In the present era, many developed countries blame to the Asian countries for increase in the global temperature due to rice cultivation. Agriculture contributes approximately 13.5% green house gasses emission at the global level. The maximum area of rice cultivation is in India at global level. In our country rice is being cultivated on an area of 44.0 million hectares (FAI, 2007-08). Rice is not only a food for more than half of the population of India but it is a base for nutritious food. Rice has an important place among the cereal crops. Rice is being cultivated in almost all the states of India, as a main crop. India is one of the main producers and exporter of aromatic rice in the international market. Presently, farmers are facing serious problems pertaining to shortage of energy, increase in agricultural input prices and global climate change. These problems automatically create many other problems. Many problems are arising due to faulty irrigation system and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizer in the cultivation of rice. Traditional flooding irrigation system and more than required fertilizer uses for the cultivation of rice has become a serious challenge for the environment degradation. Consequently, by the cultivation of rice, the green house gasses emission like methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO2) concentrations increase in environment, resulting such ill-effects leading to climate change. The change in the climate is affecting not only the human beings but also other mammals and living beings health adversely. Agricultural scientists, subject matter specialist and farmers of our country need the alternatives for these ill full methods. Therefore, it will lead to lesser green house gasses emission from the rice fields and have lesser harm to the environmental health / degradation and the same time lesser cost of production for rice cultivation so that the future generation will not get only sufficient and quality food along with safe environment to solve the climate change problems. It is better to control pollution at its source, which is a better option. We need to develop improved agricultural technologies, which not only maintain the clean environment but also will continuously improve it. We need to manage irrigation and chemical fertilizer judiciously for the cultivation of rice. In this regard System of Rice Intensification (SRI) technique, aerobic rice cultivation, value added nitrogenous fertilizer and bio-fertilizers can play a crucial role. Therefore, we need to make these technologies popular among the farmers. So that use of these conserved technologies will lead to the better environment and rice cultivation may be more profitable crop. </smarttagtype

Not Available

Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi on a sandy clay-loam soil (Typic Ustochrept) starting from Kharif- 2003 under organic amendments to rice-wheat cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and six treatments in a set. The treatments consisted of control (T1 ), farmyard manure (FYM) (T2 ); green manure (GM) (T3 ); GM+biofertilizers (B) (T4 ); GM+FYM (T5 ); and GM+FYM+B (T6 ). In this study, the effect of organic amendments were evaluated on some physical soil properties and yield of the respective system by sampling the soil from three depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm) at the end of Rabi 2011-2012. The results of the study revealed that the plots where, farm yard manure (FYM) was incorporated along with green manure (GM) and biofertilizer (B), the yield of rice and wheat had substantially improved. The combination of B with GM+FYM had not only led to better soil bulk density but even prove superior to FYM alone or GM alone. Soil aggregation was significantly affected by organic amendments; particularly mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) were increased to a tune of 73.5% and 34.6% over control in 0-15 cm soil layer. The water stable macroaggregate (WSMA)>0.25mm ranged from 54.60% under control to 71.27% under T6 in the surface soil (0-15 cm). The combined applications of FYM along with GM and B showed the highest contents of available N, P, K and S in soil. It is thus certain that the cumulative effect of GM+FYM+B proved to be the one that leads to increased productivity as well as increased soil physical properties.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableA field experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of different methods of phosphorus fertilization and levels on growth, yield and economics of wheat was conducted during rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi. It was conducted in split plot design comprising of four methods of phosphorus application (broadcasting and incorporation, band placement, flood fertigation with 5cm irrigation water, flood fertigation with 2.5 cm irrigation water) in main plots and three phosphorus levels (20, 30 and 40 kg ha-1) in sub-plots along with a no phosphorus control treatment, and replicated thrice. The results revealed that all the treatments with phosphorus, irrespective of dose and method of application, significantly increased growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and straw yield, and economics of wheat over the control treatment. Grain yield significantly increased with increasing doses of phosphorus fertilization up to 30 kg ha-1, beyond which the yield remained statistically similar up to 40 kg ha-1. Higher values of growth parameters (plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index), yield attributes, yield (grain and straw) and economics (net return, B:C ratio, return on investment on phosphorus fertilizer)were recorded with the band application of phosphorus fertilizer, which was significantly higher than broadcasting and incorporation at sowing, but statistically similar with flood fertigation treatments. Overall, banding of phosphorus was found a more efficient method and application of 30 kg phosphorus ha-1 through band placement is the best option to gain better productivity and profitability from wheat cropNot Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableSoil fertility and water use are two important aspects that influence rice productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of in-situ (sesbania and rice bean) and ex-situ (subabul) green manuring along with zinc fertilization on water productivity and soil fertility in rice under rice–wheat cropping system at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, NewDelhi, India. Sesbania incorporation recorded higher total water productivity (2.20 and 3.24 kg ha−1 mm−1), available soil nutrients, organic carbon, alkaline phosphatase activity, microbial biomass carbon and increased soil dehydrogenase activity by 39.6 and 26.8% over subabul and rice bean respectively. Among interaction of green manures and zinc fertilization, subabul × foliar application of chelated zincethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting recorded highest total water productivity (2.56 and 3.79 kg ha−1 mm−1). Foliar application of chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting recorded significantly higher water productivity than other Zn treatments, however it was statistically similar with foliar application of zinc at active tillering + flowering + grain filling. Sesbania × 5 kg Zn ha−1 through chelated Zn-EDTA, recorded highest available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron than other green manure and Zn fertilization interactions, although it was statistically similar with rice bean × 5 kg Zn ha−1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application. Sesbania × foliar application of 5 kg Zn ha−1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application recorded highest soil enzymatic activities and microbial biomass carbon.Not Availabl