Understanding the tuberculosis disease progression and future directions of research in tuberculosis : a mini review

Eradication of tuberculosis seems to be a long way off especially with the growing of drug resistance tuberculosis and HIV co-infection tuberculosis. The gaps in our knowledge and the limited sensitive and specific biomarkers especially for latent tuberculosis infection make it defensive. The fate of tuberculosis treatmentranged from cured to failure and there are many risk factors involved apart from the immune state and age. Therefore, this review focuses on the understanding of tuberculosis disease progression and the associated risk factors of the events in the disease progression. This article also highlights the diagnostic and predictive marker that may predict the disease progression. In addition, this review highlights the potential use of rifabutin in tuberculosis treatment regimen. It is hoped that this review could give an overview on future directions of research in tuberculosis

Kesan ekstrak metanol piper sarmentosum terhadap kecederaan oksidatif hepar tikus aruhan parasetamol

Piper sarmentosum atau kaduk mengandungi aras naringenin iaitu antioksidan semula jadi yang tinggi. Dalam kajian ini, model hepatotoksisiti aruhan parasetamol telah digunakan untuk menentukan kesan antioksidan ekstrak metanol kaduk. Lapan belas ekor tikus Wistar jantan (200-250 g) telah dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan. Satu kumpulan diberi ekstrak metanol kaduk pada dos 500 mg/kg secara oral, sementara kumpulan lain menerima larutan pengangkut secara oral selama 28 hari. Selepas 28 hari, kumpulan yang menerima ekstrak kaduk (Kaduk+PCM) dan satu lagi kumpulan (PCM) diberi parasetamol sebanyak 1 g/kg berat badan tikus secara intraperitoneum, manakala kumpulan terakhir (kawalan) hanya diberi larutan pengangkut secara intraperitoneum. Selepas 24 jam, darah tikus diambil bagi pengukuran enzim aminotransferase. Tikus-tikus kemudiannya dibunuh dan sampel hepar diambil untuk pengukuran kandungan malondialdehid, protein karbonil dan aktiviti enzim superoksida dismutase. Terdapat penurunan yang signifikan pada kandungan malondialdehid dan protein karbonil serta peningkatan aktiviti enzim superoksida dismutase dalam kumpulan Kaduk+PCM berbanding kumpulan PCM. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada penurunan aras enzim aminotransferase yang signifikan dalam kumpulan Kaduk+PCM berbanding kumpulan PCM. Kesimpulannya, pemberian ekstrak metanol Piper sarmentosum sebanyak 500 mg/kg selama 28 hari mempunyai kesan perlindungan ke atas hepar tikus daripada kecederaan oksidatif aruhan parasetamol

Inhibitory effects of palm tocotrienol-rich fraction supplementation on bilirubin-metabolizing enzymes in hyperbilirubinemic adult rats.

Phenylhydrazine, a hemolytic agent, is widely used as a model of experimental hyperbilirubinemia. Palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) was shown to exert beneficial effects in hyperbilirubinemic rat neonates.To investigate the effects of palm TRF supplementation on hepatic bilirubin-metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress status in rats administered phenylhydrazine.Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into two groups; one group was intraperitoneally injected with palm TRF at the dose of 30 mg/kg/day, while another group was only given vehicle (control) (vitamin E-free palm oil) for 14 days. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, each group was further subdivided into another two groups. One group was administered phenylhydrazine (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and another group was administered normal saline. Twenty-four hours later, blood and liver were collected for biochemical parameter measurements.Phenylhydrazine increased plasma total bilirubin level and oxidative stress in the erythrocytes as well as in the liver, which were reduced by the pretreatment of palm TRF. Palm TRF also prevented the increases in hepatic heme oxygenase, biliverdin reductase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities induced by phenylhydrazine.Palm tocotrienol-rich fraction was able to afford protection against phenylhydrazine-induced hyperbilirubinemia, possibly by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting bilirubin-metabolizing enzymes in the liver

Hepatic biliverdin reductase activity.

<p>Bars represent mean ± standard error (n = 6). *Different from the control+saline group (p<0.05). [TRF: tocotrienol-rich fraction; PHZ: phenylhydrazine].</p