Influence of light intensity on chloroplast development and pigment accumulation in the wild-type and etiolated mutant plants of <i>Anthurium andraeanum</i> ‘Sonate’

<p>Seedlings of wild-type and etiolate mutant plants of <i>Anthurium andraeanum</i> cultivar ‘Sonate’ were treated for 15 d with different light intensities (20, 100, and 400 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) to analyze leaf plastid development and pigment content. Significant changes appeared in treated seedlings, including in leaf color, plastid ultrastructure, chloroplast development gene <i>AaGLK</i> expression, chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, and protoplast shape. Wild-type and etiolated plants exhibited different plastid structures under the same light condition. The results suggest that light intensity is a crucial environmental factor influencing plastid development and leaf color formation in the <i>A. andraeanum</i> cultivar ‘Sonate’.</p

Influence of Chain Rigidity and Dielectric Constant on the Glass Transition Temperature in Polymerized Ionic Liquids

Polymerized ionic liquids (PolyILs) are promising candidates for a wide range of technological applications due to their single ion conductivity and good mechanical properties. Tuning the glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g) in these materials constitutes a major strategy to improve room temperature conductivity while controlling their mechanical properties. In this work, we show experimental and simulation results demonstrating that in these materials <i>T</i>_g does not follow a universal scaling behavior with the volume of the structural units <i>V</i>_m (including monomer and counterion). Instead, <i>T</i>_g is significantly influenced by the chain flexibility and polymer dielectric constant. We propose a simplified empirical model that includes the electrostatic interactions and chain flexibility to describe <i>T</i>_g in PolyILs. Our model enables design of new functional PolyILs with the desired <i>T</i>_g