Total thyroid lobectomy and isthmectomy. Surgical procedure and indications.

https://spark.parkland.edu/branding_packaging_2012/1016/thumbnail.jp

Interest in frozen section examination of margins and lymph nodes in laryngeal surgery.

One hundred and one patients presenting with a squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx underwent surgery in our department between January 1980 and May 1985. In most of these patients, nodes were removed from the main lymphatic drainage pathways and subjected to immediate frozen section examination. The results from frozen section examination of the nodes were then compared with those from the surgical specimens of cervical neck dissections performed on the patients according to the classic rules. In addition, margin resections were made and examined by frozen section after removal of the tumour. In the event of a positive finding, these resections were continued until healthy tissue was reached, the specimens being examined in addition by classic methods. Immediate frozen sections enable the margins of the resection to be verified correctly. In our series we were brought to extend the limits of resection in 10 cases out of 68 (15 per cent). It can also be seen that the accuracy of the pathologist's reading of the frozen sections is satisfactory. The overall level of error is three out of 68 (4.5 per cent). All the errors correspond to false negatives. The aim of avoiding neck dissections in the presence of N0, thanks to nodal selection with frozen section, is not attained. We find a 6/61 rate of false negatives for N0-N1 (10 per cent) when we compare the frozen sections of the selected nodes and the neck dissections. This is due to the fact that the surgeon may be led astray by a reactive hyperplastic node whilst other less inflammatory neighbouring nodes are in fact the site of metastasis

Le syndrome du mannequin.

Describe since the beginning of the fifties, the mannequin syndrome consists of anorexia, amenorrhea and swelling of the parotid glands. This variety of symptoms is usually found in young female patients who want to remain thin. In fact, this syndrome has been several times diagnosed in fashion models or airhostesses;hence the term "mannequin syndrome"

Covalent modification of graphene and graphite using diazonium chemistry:Tunable grafting and nanomanipulation

We shine light on the covalent modification of graphite and graphene substrates using diazonium chemistry under ambient conditions. We report on the nature of the chemical modification of these graphitic substrates, the relation between molecular structure and film morphology, and the impact of the covalent modification on the properties of the substrates, as revealed by local microscopy and spectroscopy techniques and electrochemistry. By careful selection of the reagents and optimizing reaction conditions, a high density of covalently grafted molecules is obtained, a result that is demonstrated in an unprecedented way by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ambient conditions. With nanomanipulation, i.e., nanoshaving using STM, surface structuring and functionalization at the nanoscale is achieved. This manipulation leads to the removal of the covalently anchored molecules, regenerating pristine sp2 hybridized graphene or graphite patches, as proven by space-resolved Raman microscopy and molecular self-assembly studies. © 2015 American Chemical Society

Equalising spending needs of sub national governments in a developing country:the case of Tanzania

Decentralisation of government creates fiscal disparities: some subnational governments can provide their citizens with more public services than others. Many countries try to equalise fiscal disparities by targeting grants at disadvantaged jurisdictions. This is especially difficult for developing countries, where data are scarce. We develop a method to estimate spending needs of local governments in developing countries. We apply this method to health spending by Tanzanian districts, but it can be used in other areas and other countries as well. We use our estimates to derive an equalising grant allocation formula. A comparison with the existing grant allocation indicates that more deprived districts should receive higher grants than they obtain now

Depth and Type of Substrate Influence the Ability of Nasonia vitripennis

peer reviewedThe foraging behaviour of a parasitoid insect species includes the host’s habitat and subsequent location of the host. Habitats-substrate, substrate moisture and light levels can affect the host location made by different species of parasitoids. However, the depth at which parasitoids concentrate their search effort is an another important ecological characteristic and play an important role on the host location. Here, we have investigated the ability of a pupal parasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis Walker, to penetrate and kill fly pupae located at different depth of the substrate. Three different types of substrate were tested: loam soil, compost and vermiculite substrate. In both loam soil and compost, all of the parasitism activity was restricted to pupae placed directly on the surface. Parasitism activity in vermiculite showed that the average number of pupae parasitized was decreased with depth. These results suggest that fly pupae situated deeper in the substrate are less subjected to parasitism by N. vitripennis