Objectification of subjective estimation of abnormal cases danger in air traffic control

In the article, the problems of objectification of the subjective danger estimation for abnormal cases in air traffic control are considered. An overview of currently existing approaches is given. In addition, the article presents the analysis of the statistical results of testing 252 air traffic controllers. This study reveals a subjective danger estimation inadequacy and its connection to air traffic controller’s potential extreme working capacity. A new approach to objectification of the subjunctive danger estimation for abnormal cases in air traffic control is proposed. The method combines the conditional probability collision computation and the method of expert estimations

Probing structural homogeneity of La1−x_{1-x}Gdx_{x}PO4_{4} monazite-type solid solutions by combined spectroscopic and computational studies

Here we study the homogeneity of Eu3+-doped La1-xGdxPO4 (x = 0, 0.11, 0.33, 0.55, 0.75, 0.92, 1) monazite-type solid solutions by a combination of Raman and time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopies (TRLFS) with complementary quasi-random structure-based atomistic modeling studies. For the intermediate La0.45Gd0.55PO4 composition we detected a significant broadening of the Raman bands corresponding to the lattice vibrations of the LnO9 polyhedron, indicating much stronger distortion of the lanthanide cation site than the PO4 tetrahedron. A distortion of the crystal lattice around the dopant site was also confirmed in our TRLFS measurements of Eu3+ doped samples, where both the half width (FWHM) of the excitation peaks and the 7F2/7F1 ratio derived from the emission spectra increase for intermediate solid-solution compositions. The observed variation in FWHM correlates well with the simulated distribution of Eu···O bond distances within the investigated monazites. The combined results imply that homogenous Eu3+-doped La1-xGdxPO4 monazite-type solid solutions are formed over the entire composition range, which is of importance in the context of using these ceramics for immobilization of radionuclides