Leukoencephalopathy, cerebral calcifications, and cysts

Association of leukoencephalopathy, cerebral calcifications, and cysts (LCC) is a rare disorder that was recently described. To our knowledge, only 2 reports, including 3 patients in each, have been published in the literature to date. Herein, we report a 19-year-old man with LCC who had neurological symptoms beginning in late adolescence. Clinically, he had rare convulsive seizures, slowly progressive pyramidal symptoms, and normal intelligence. On radiological examination, there were progressive calcifications in the basal nuclei and the cerebral white matter, as well as parenchymal cysts and diffuse abnormal signals of the white matter on T2-weighted sequences on MR imaging. On histopathological examination, angiomatous changes and secondary gliosis were demonstrated

Complications of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Treatment of Early Breast Cancer: A Comparison of MRM and BCS

ALND is part of primary management of breast cancer. In spite of complications it causes, its use in prognostication and planning adjuvant treatment in carcinoma breast is unquestioned. Prospective study was conducted on 100 patients of EBC [clinical stage I&II]. 50 underwent MRM, 50 WLE&AC. Patients were asked to rate on likert scale various symptoms on follow up. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out between pain, numbness, limitation of shoulder or arm motion, arm swelling, infection and age, BSA, clinical status of axilla, no. of LNs removed, no. of positive LNs, co-morbidities, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, type of surgery. 60% patients reported one or more symptoms. Numbness, pain were reported by 39% each, arm swelling by 25%, limitation of arm movement by 16%, infection by 11%. Symptoms were mild in majority. On regression analyses numbness was associated with EBRT, co-morbidity, type of operation (p value- <0.01, <0.01, <0.05), pain had no significant association, swelling with EBRT, no. of LNs positive for metastases, co-morbidity, type of operation (p value- <0.01, <0.05, <0.05, <0.01), limitation of arm motion with no. of positive LNs (p value < 0.01), infection with no. of positive LNs, co-morbidity (p value <0.05, <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in reporting of symptoms by patients in two groups. ALND caused morbidity in majority of patients but few reported severe symptoms and interference with daily activities