Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Microvascular Architecture of Human Coronary Vessels by Corrosion Casts: Normal and Focal Necrosis

Microvascular architecture of the normal human heart and myocardial focal necrosis were studied by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. Casts macroscopically identical in form to the left ventricular posterior wall were prepared. The following results were obtained in the normal human heart. (I) Most of the arterioles communicated with capillary plexuses smoothly and straight forwardly in the left ventricular posterior free wall. (2) Arterioles which branched from the arteries ran in various directions and continued into capillaries either at right angles or obliquely in the trabeculae carneae. (3) capillaries running parallel with the cardiac muscle fibers ran in different directions to cross over with each other in different layers of myocardium. Capillaries in the myocardium formed a continuous and coarse net-like architecture with many bifurcations and anastomoses. Capillaries were about 5-7 μm in diameter. (4) Some veins gathering capillaries in the epicardium ran into the myocardium and the others ran in the epicardium. Veins connecting with capillaries in the myocardium ran in the myocardial layer and communicated with larger veins. (5) An arteriovenous anastomosis and two different types of venous-venous anastomoses were observed in the left ventricular posterior wall. At the site of focal necrosis, cross sections of dilated vessels were observed in large numbers by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. (I) At the site of focal necrosis, dilated capillaries running with tortuosity were seen in large numbers by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. (2) When compared with vessels in the normal myocardium, small arterial branches were dilated and run tortuously. (3) These dilated capillary plexuses were observed in the area which communicated with twigs branching off at the right angle from the arterial branch

1 X-MAS: SUPPORTING THE TEDIOUS WORK OF VALIDATION IN AGENT-BASED SIMULATION

Validation is an essential issue in the growing field of agent-based simulation (ABS), as ABS has become a prominent paradigm in the study of social complex systems. However, the main difficulty faced in this validation process is the lack of techniques and tools to assure the reliability of models. Thus, the validation of models is still a tedious task. In our previous work, we proposed cross-element validation. This process consists of performing the validation within a model by comparing the simulation results of the model under several instances of some of its composite elements. Elements are, for instance, learning mechanisms or network iteration topologies. Even though it is relatively simple, this validation process requires performing several simulations of the model under the possible combinations that exist among a certain number of instances of some elements. In other words, it requires several implementations of the model to account for the above-mentioned combinations of elements. Therefore, tools to support this validation process are required. To support the cross-element validation process for ABS models, this paper presents cross-element validation for multi-agent-based simulation (X-MAS). This tool provides facilities for performing easy cross-element validation of ABS models and also facilitates the implementation of general-purpose ABS models. To illustrate the potential of X-MAS, a cross-element validation of a bargaining game model was performed by evaluating several learning mechanisms applied to the agents. The findings showed that simulation results can be strongly affected by even small variations in the elements. Therefore, cross-element validation should be performed before deep analysis of the implemented model. Keywords: X-MAS, cross-element validation, agent-based modeling, bargainin

Coexistence of charge order and antiferromagnetism in (TMTTF)(2)SbF6: NMR study

The electronic state of (TMTTF)(2)SbF6 was investigated by the H-1 and C-13 NMR measurements. The temperature dependence of T-1(-1) in H-1 NMR shows a sharp peak associated with the antiferromagnetic transition at T-AF = 6 K. The temperature dependence of T-1(-1) is described by the power law T-2.4 below T-A. This suggests the nodal gapless spin wave excitation in antiferromagnetic phase. In 13C NMR, two sharp peaks at high temperature region, associated with the inner and the outer carbon sites in TMTTF dimer, split into four peaks below 150 K. It indicates that the charge disproportionation occurs. The degree of charge disproportionation Delta rho is estimated as (025 +/- 0.09)e from the chemical shift difference. This value Delta rho is consistent with that obtained from the infrared spectroscopy. In the antiferromagnetic state (AFI), the observed line shape is well fitted by eight Lorentzian peaks. This suggests that the charge order with the same degree still remains in the AF state. From the line assignment, the AF staggered spin amplitude is obtained as 0.70 mu(B) and 0.24 mu(B) at the charge rich and the poor sites, respectively. These values corresponding to almost 1 mu(B) per (timer are quite different from 0.11 mu(B) of another AF (AFII) state in (TMITF)(2)Br with effective higher pressure. As a result, it is understood that the antiferromagnetic staggered spin order is stabilized on the CO state in the AFI phase of (TMTTF)2(S)bF(6)