Detection of cyfluthrin resistance mechanisms among German cockroach strains in vivo in Kashan during 2011-2012

Background: Development of insecticide resistance is a serious problem in the control of German cockroach population in home and hospital. Knowledge about the resistance mechanisms would help us to control the pest. This study was conducted to determine the cyfluthrin resistance in German cockroaches using the piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Materials and Methods: In this study, cyfluthrin (4-6 concentration ranges) was used on susceptible strains- for ten years without any contact with the lab-grown poison - with the mortality rate ranged from 0 to 100. After determining the concentrations of the cyfluthrin in the susceptible strains, the level of susceptibility and resistance mechanism in the wild strains were determined using PBO in vivo. Data were analyzed using Probit program. Results: Lethal dose (LD50) and resistance ratio (RR) for susceptible and three wild strains were 133.43-503.6 and 1.48-3.77, respectively. LD50 of cyfluthrin+PBO and synergist ratio for susceptible and three wild strains were 51.3-490.53 and 1.03-2.43, respectively. Conclusion: All three collected strains showed different levels of resistance compared to the susceptible strains. In almost all strains, PBO considerably increases the cyfluthrin toxicity. The findings signify the involvement of monooxygenase in cyfluthrin resistance

Epidemiology of Head Lice Infestation in Primary SchoolPupils, in Khajeh City, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran

Background: Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) or head louse is an obligate ectoparasite transmitted mainly through physical contact. This study was conducted to survey the prevalence of head lice infestation rate and some risk factors in Primary School pupils, in Khajeh City East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Methods: We selected 20 primary schools of Khajeh City during 2008 and 2009. Totally 500 pupils including 200 boys and 300 girls from all grade 1-5 were selected by multistage, systematic random sampling in rural areas of Khajeh City and were examined for lice. In addition, a standard questionnaire recorded information about demographic features of each pupil. Results were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The total prevalence of head lice infestation in this study was 4.8%. and the prevalence rate was significantly higher in girls (6.66%) than in boys (2%). Epidemiological factors such as: sex, school grade, family size, parent's education, type of house, hair washing (per week), number of using comb per day, were evaluated and results showed significant difference in head lice infestation and sex, school grade ,family size ,father education ,and type of house (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Pediculosis is a public health problem in many parts of the world, and due to the higher prevalence of pediculosis in crowded families, family by lower levels of father's education and socioeconomic status in our study and rural area, it is necessary to give health education for families to prevent of pediculosis in this area

Tick Infestation Rate of Sheep and Their Distribution in Abdanan County, Ilam Province, Iran, 2007-2008

&quot;nAbstract &quot;nBackground: Ticks are hematophagous arthropod belonging to the Class of Arachnids. Ticks are also one of the major vectors of pathogens to animal and human. This study was conducted to determine tick infestation rate of sheep in Abdanan during 2007&amp;ndash;2008. &quot;nMethods: Sampling was performed seasonally in 19 villages during spring 2007 until winter 2008. A total of 1095 sheep were selected and tested for tick infestation.&amp;nbsp; After collection, all ticks were transported to laboratory of Medi&amp;shy;cal Entomology and were identified with appropriate identification keys. &quot;nResults: Totally, 864 hard ticks were collected. The ticks were classified into two genera and 5 species including: Hyalomma marginatum (44.67%), Hy. anatolicum (43.17%), Hy.asiaticum (6.37%), Hy. dromedarii (5.55%), Hea&amp;shy;maphysalis sulcata (0.24%). The highest seasonal activity was observed in spring (36.46 %) and the lowest seasonal was in winter (11.57%). The rate of tick frequency in mountainous region was 48.15% and it was 51.85% in plateau regions. In this study, tick infestation of sheep was 11.41%. &quot;nConclusion: Hy.marginatum has the more frequent density in the study area. &quot;n&amp;nbsp; &quot;nKeywords: Ticks, sheep, Ira

Tick Infestation Rate of Sheep and Their Distribution in Abdanan County, Ilam Province, Iran, 2007-2008

Background: Ticks are hematophagous arthropod belonging to the Class of Arachnids. Ticks are also one of the major vectors of pathogens to animal and human. This study was conducted to determine tick infestation rate of sheep in Abdanan during 2007–2008. Methods: Sampling was performed seasonally in 19 villages during spring 2007 until winter 2008. A total of 1095 sheep were selected and tested for tick infestation.  After collection, all ticks were transported to laboratory of Medi­cal Entomology and were identified with appropriate identification keys. Results: Totally, 864 hard ticks were collected. The ticks were classified into two genera and 5 species including: Hyalomma marginatum (44.67%), Hy. anatolicum (43.17%), Hy.asiaticum (6.37%), Hy. dromedarii (5.55%), Hea­maphysalis sulcata (0.24%). The highest seasonal activity was observed in spring (36.46 %) and the lowest seasonal was in winter (11.57%). The rate of tick frequency in mountainous region was 48.15% and it was 51.85% in plateau regions. In this study, tick infestation of sheep was 11.41%. Conclusion: Hy.marginatum has the more frequent density in the study area

Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils of Apiaceae Plants against Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi

Background: Plant extracts and oils may act as alternatives to conventional pesticides for malaria vector control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of essential oils of three plants of Apiaceae family against Anophe­les stephensi, the main malaria vector in Iran. Methods: Essential oils from Heracleum persicum, Foeniculum vulgare and Coriandrum sativum seeds were hydro distil­lated, then their larvicidal activity were evaluated against laboratory-reared larvae of An. stephensi according to stan­dard method of WHO. After susceptibility test, results were analysis using Probit program. Results: Essential oils were separated from H. persicum, F. vulgare and C. sativum plants and their larvicidal activi­ties were tested. Result of this study showed that F. vulgare oil was the most effective against An. stephensi with LC50 and LC90 values of 20.10 and 44.51 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: All three plants essential oil can serve as a natural larvicide against An. stephensi. F. vulgare oil exhib­ited more larvicidal properties

Chemical Composition and Mosquito Larvicidal Properties of Essential Oil from Leaves of an Iranian Indigenous Plant Zhumeria majdae

The use of natural products derived from plants in mosquitoes control is an alternative method for minimizing the side effects of chemical pesticides on the environment. In the current study chemical composition of essential oil extracted from an indigenous plant, Zhumeria majdae was determined and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. In addition, the larvicidal activity of essential oil was evaluated against two important mosquito vectors, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Thirty constituents, representing 97.86 of the oil, were identified. The main constituents of the oil were camphor (38.84 ), linalool (31.18 ) and camphene (7.73 ). Z. Majdae volatile oil showed significant toxicity against larvae of both species. The LC50 and LC90 values against An. stephensi larvae were 61.34 and 135.81 ppm and for Cx. quinquefasciatus were 88.51 and 191.56 ppm after 24 hours, respectively. Our findings indicated that the essential oil from Z. majdae leaves may be explored as a potential mosquito bio-larvicide. © 2016 Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons

Hard Ticks on Domestic Ruminants and their SeasonalPopulation Dynamics in Yazd Province, Iran

Background: Ticks are the main vectors for transmission of different pathogens to human and animals. This survey was performed to find out distribution of ticks, which infested the domestic ruminants in Yazd Province, central Iran during year 2008-2009. Methods: A total number of 30 villages from both mountainous (20%) and plateau (80%) regions of the province were selected randomly. Ticks were colleted from the body of infested animals and transported to the laboratory of Medical Entomology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and then were identified to space level using valid identification key. Results: A total of 583 hard ticks were collected. The ticks were classified into three genera and 7 species including:  Hyalomma dromedarii (55.92%), Hy. marginatum (13.20%), Hy. anatolicum (9.78%), Hy. detritum (4.98%),  Hy. asiaticum (3.94%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (11.84%), and Dermacentor marginatus (0.34%). The highest seasonal activities occurred in summer. The prevalence of the Ixodidae ticks was more evident in plateaus area in Yazd Province. Among the hosts including: cow, goat, sheep and camel, the ticks that collected from camel was more prevalent. The ratio of male was more than female ticks. Hyalomma. dromedarii was the predominant tick species and accounted for 55.92% of the ticks. Conclusion: Some of the collected ticks may play an important role for transmission of vector borne disease to human; therefore, the results of this study will provide a clue for vectors of tick-borne diseases in the region for local authorities for implementation of disease control

Detection of bendiocarb and Carbaryl resistance mechanisms among German cockroach Blattella germanica (Blattaria: Blattellidae) collected from Tabriz Hospitals, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran in 2013

Background: Insecticide resistance is one of the serious problems for German cockroach control program. This study was conducted to determine the bendiocarb and Carbaryl resistance mechanisms in German cockroaches using the piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Methods: Bioassay tests were conducted with 4 to 6 different concentrations of both insecticides with four replicates of 10 susceptible strain cockroaches per concentration to determine of discriminative concentration. After determining discriminative concentration, the result was compared to wild strain. The levels of susceptibility and resistance ratio (RR) and synergism ratio (SR) were calculated for each five wild strains. Moreover resistance mechanisms in wild strains were determined using PBO synergist in vivo. Results: Hospital strains showed different levels of resistance to bendiocarb and carbaryl compared to susceptible strain. The bendiocarb and carbaryl resistance ratios ranged from 2.11 to 7.97 and 1.67 to 2 at LD50 levels, respectively. The synergist PBO significantly enhanced the toxicity of bendiocarb and carbaryl to all strains with different degrees of synergist ratio, 1.31, 1.39, 3.61, 1.78, 1.62 and 2.1 fold for bendiocarb, 1.19, 1.18, 1.12. 1.29, 1.45 and 1.11- fold for carbaryl, suggesting monooxygenase involvement in bendiocarb and carbaryl resistance. Conclusion: The synergetic effect of PBO had the highest effect on bendiocarb and resistance level was significantly reduced, which indicates the important role of monoxidase enzyme in creating resistance to Bendiocarb. Piperonyl butoxide did not have a significant synergistic effect on carbaryl and did not significantly break the resistance